Final examination essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final question - Essay Examplestedes dimensions for comparative cross- frenzyural studies, and they have led to many useful explanations of cross-cultural differences in consumer behavior. The main reason that may have rendered Hofstedes useful is that these dimensions are independent. Only ii dimensions are interdependent, and these are collectivism and reason distance. Together with national wealth, Hofstedes dimensions can be use to explain more than half of the differences in consumer behavior. Tompenaars dimensions do not show results that are as reconciled as the Hofstede dimensions.The word cultura is a Latin word closely related to cultus which means cult or worship. Therefore, subtlety may be considered as the result of human action. According to Hofstede (2001), national culture is the broadest level of culture that a person can be a member of. People are shaped by their national culture from their early childhood through beliefs, values and assumptions inherent in it . The theory of cultural dimensions is central to the airfield of consumer behavior across the world especially in analyzing the rear of culture on consumer behavior. The Theory of Cultural Dimensions was introduced in 1980 by Geert Hofstede. This theory was based on his study of cultural solutions to organizational problems involving 117,000 employees at IBM in 40 countries. According to Hofstede (2001), the singleism dimension describes the relations between the individual and the collectivity that exists in a given society. His dimension represents a society that has loose ties between individuals. individualist countries stress the importance of human independence, and individual liberty and self-reliance. Individualists promote the unrestricted exercise o individual goals and desires.Mooij (2010) terms power distance as the degree to which less influential members of the public admit that power is unevenly distributed. In the world, there are both high-power and low-power di stance cultures.

Coursework in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coursework in Economics - Essay Examplegiven that the determine body constant, the supplicate mold may shift upwards or downward, some of the reasons why the need wriggle shifts include a change in future scathe expectations, consumers may opt to purchase more today to avoid high prices in the future or purchase less to purchase at low prices in the future, (Hardwick (2002)). The following table shows an example of downward shift and upward shift in demandFrom the above diagram assuming that demand curve 0 is the original demand curve, a downward shift in the demand curve allow for shift the demand curve to demand curve 1 while an upward shift will shift the demand curve to demand curve 2.A shift in turn in curve occurs when the quantity supplied increases or decreases given that the price remains constant, the supply curve may shift upwards or downward, (Hardwick (2002)). The following table shows a downward and upward shift in supplyFrom the above diagram assuming that su pply curve 0 is the original demand curve, a downward shift in the supply curve will shift the supply curve to supply curve 2 while an upward shift will shift the supply curve to supply curve 1.Own price elasticity of demand refers to the theatrical role change in quantity demanded when the price is increased by one percent. Therefore it is deliberate by dividing the percentage change in the quantity demanded by the percentage change in price level. For a normal good own price elasticity of demand is negative. (Walter (2000))Own price elasticity of supply refers to the percentage change in quantity supplied when the price is increased by one percent. Therefore it is calculated by dividing the percentage change in the quantity supplied by the percentage change in price level. (Walter (2000))The price of oil is determined by the supply and the demand of oil in the world. Some of the study producers include Iran, Iraq and Kuwait. From the oil price chart it is evident that the fluct uations in oil prices has been as a resolving power of war and

Why has the conflict between India and Pakistan been so intractable Essay

Why has the infringe in the midst of India and Pakistan been so difficult - Essay ExampleHowever since independence the relations between the two acress turn out been very sour with India and Pakistan having fought three battles against each other. The situation has reached an alarming intensity as both these nations argon nuclear build up and another conflict between the nuclear armed nations can lead to a global catastrophe. The conflict between the two nations has continued since 1947 and has even starched longer than the cold war. There cause been a number of contentious issues between the two nuclear powered nations however the conflict becomes intractable because of the fact that there is a territorial dispute between the nations. According to a research a conflict between two nations can be termed as intractable when specific tangible stakes involving land territory or other tangibly divisible aspects become symbolic in the ace that they are converted into intangible aspects in terms of zero sums that make it difficult to break and dissociate (Khan, 2009, p.61-62). The conflict between India and Pakistan can be termed as intractable considering the fact that the bone of contentious issues lies in the disputed territory of Kashmir in which both the nations stake their claim. India refuses to Pakistans claim that Kashmir is their part as the land has a majority of population that follows the Muslim religion. India on the other hand being secular nation rubbishes the latters claim as it believes in the accession treaty signed by maharajah Hari Singh, the last king of Kashmir in which he agreed to accede Kashmir into India (Ganguly, Diamond & Plattner, 2007, p.52). The sideline section would sift to deeply analyse the aspects that have led to the conflict assuming such an intractable reputation that however continues to capture global attention. Analysis In order to better understand the reasons behind the intractable nature of the conflict it is very necessary to look back to the history that led to the creation of these two states. The conflict between the two nations can be traced to the days of British colonialism in which both the nations were under the British rule commonly referred to as the Raj Era. In order to consolidate their rule in the nation, the face applied the Divide and Rule policy taking advantage of the large number of diverse spectral communities in the nation by turning one community against the other. In 1947 when the British decided to agree independence, it divided the unified India into 547 princely states. In addition to this the last viceroy of British India, Lord Mountbatten excessively encouraged the Muslim league leader Mohammed Ali Jinnah in keeping up his demand to either eat up him as the ruler of independent India or carve out a separate state of Pakistan comprising the normality western states of Punjab, Baluchistan and Sind. Mahatma Gandhi, the main architect of the independence movement in India had to accept the partition plan of India following which the unified India was divided into India and Pakistan (East and West). Post partition India chose to remain secular while Pakistan declared itself as an Muslim nation bound to Sharia laws. The partition resulted in widespread riots claiming thousands of lives across both the borders and also left field thousands homeless and orphaned. Meanwhile, the focus of the issue shifted to Kashmir that was a Muslim dominated area and on the basis of this Pakistan launched an armed assault on the state that was not a part of India or Pakistan and was under the rule of maharajah Hari Singh, the ruler of Jammu province. Unable to stand the attacks by Pakistan, Maharaja Hari Sing

Criminal Law Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

sinful Law Liability - Essay ExampleThere is also the legal duty to act because of an effective or implied contract. For example, in R. v. Pitwood (1902)2 a defendant was convicted of manslaughter after he failed to close a level traverse gate with the result of a hay cart and a train colliding. The collision resulted in the last of a man. Pitwood argued that he had no legal duty to the deceased, but Judge Wright held that he did dedicate mavin arising from his contract of employment. While R. v. Pitwood is often regarded as a classic case of criminal liability for omission, Wrights effective words leave some room for doubtThus the judge may actually have been seeing liability coming from the fact that Pitwood had left the level crossing gate open alternatively than the fact that he had not shot the level crossing gate. Thus did the liability come from an challenge or an inaction It would seem that the former occurred.This was a case of gross negligence manslaughter, a crim e that is a useful background to the whole subject of criminal liability for omission. In general such manslaughter requires the following elementsDuty is imposed by common law statute. ... A breach is the failure to do something or doing something incorrectly according to the standard expected. The causal link is the fact that death has resulted from this failure with no intervening cause while gross negligence is the fact that the standard of performance or non-performance is so bad as to make it criminal. A reasonable person standard can apply when thither is no actual contractual arrangement. Thus if a reasonable person would have acted in a panache that would have prevented or avoided the resulting damage/injury then the defendant may be found liable. For example, in R. v. miller4 (1982) a defendant was held liable for criminal damage to a building that had been caused by a burn up. Miller was a tramp who had fallen asleep in a disused property while consume a cigarette. T he cigarette deplorable onto the mattress he was asleep on, and when he woke up because of the smoke, Miller did not feat to put the cigarette/ burn out but merely moved to another room and fell asleep.The court found that Miller was bound to act because the dangerous circumstance had been of his own making, and the omission that had later occurred was of a criminal nature. By contrast, if Miller had been a person passing by the house and had seen it smoldering but had done nothing he would not have had a duty to put the fire out and thus the other elements of the crime would be irrelevant. Miller, as well as Pitwood also brings up a problem that has yet to be fully resolved regarding criminal liability for omission. The problem revolves rough the fact that a general principle of criminal law is that the mens rea of the offence must exist at the time of the actus reus. Essentially there must be a coincidence of the actus reus and the mens

International business communication Assignment

International parentage communication - Assignment Exampleciple of global e-commerce discusses about the details of e-commerce and e-business activities and how internet and social net work along with different digital tools are used for marketing activities.The strength of a traditional hierarchical structure is that the employees establish clarity of their position in the organization and they have a single person to report to. This as a result removes any ambiguity of roles and overlapping of responsibilities, thereby removing any room of error (Baligh, 2007).owe the presence of steep hierarchical structure, internal organizational communication becomes a challenge. In most cases the employees tin only contact the supervisor who is immediately above him in hierarchy.The hierarchical organizational structure is desirable for very large firms, with more than a thousand employees. It is mostly suitable for the firms which operate in relatively stable market environment.The stre ngth of a bureaucratic organizational structure lies in strategic conclusivenesss interpreted by the organization. It allows the higher management to have high level of control in every decision making process in the organization (Baligh, 2007).In a bureaucratic organization the employees are slight motivated and their creativity is not encouraged. The higher level of control by the management reduces the room for working freedom and flexibility in the work environment thereby de-motivating the employees.This type of structure is suitable for the firms where stringently following rules and regulations are imperative to high quality product and service development, such as in case of hotel management (Bate, 2008).The matrix organization allows the firm to bring together all the managers and employees together so that they can proceed towards a shared goal. The departments can work closely together owing to the efficacious exchange of information (French and Rayner, 2011).Organiza tion behaviour is the aggregate of the ways in which an organization impacts the

History Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

business relationship Discussion - Research Paper ExampleThe events in France shaped the the Statesn society in that during this time, American people thought that it was justifiable and right for United States to go into war on behalf of France in a move that would be seen as returning the favor France had done to them by assisting America during the American Revolution. around people in America did not know the extent of terror in France believing it to be a rotation.Most Americans reasoned that the terror in France was a temporary exuberance of the spirit of the revolution and would soon settle down. Under the leadership of George Washington, America was not ready to enter a hostile war. Washington was aware that America had no enough to engage in the war and was still assay to unite and bring its own citizens under the control of the federal government. Despite this, the United States could not go out of the war because Britain continued to humiliate U.S in many aspects. Sev eral issues made the United States of America declare war on Great Britain (Hickey 67). The continuous impressments of U.S sailors, the British attack on Chesapeake Bay, disputes over the north-west Territories, the British blockade of France during Napoleonic war and the border with Canada, trade restrictions by the British on Americans prevent American trade with France and this could adversely affect the economy of the U.S.The Great Britain navy ships oftenly stopped the U.S trade and merchant ships and at the end impressed their sailors. The United States was not happy with this behavior because sailors impressments meant that U.S sailors and merchants were coerce to work as slaves aboard British ships. Impressed sailors never returned home since they were coerced to labor for the British navy. some other factor that led to declaration of war was that Britain continued to work with Native Americans in Canada and other territories of the U.S with header of overthrowing the f ederal government and hinder or stop U.S

Leading and Controlling SLP Part One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

starring(p) and Controlling SLP Part One - Essay ExampleBill Gates has encouraged his employees by grown them heavy salaries, incentives, bon exercises and perks which is something that has inspired the stack working at Microsoft over the years.Bill Gates never went the absolute route because it was something against his personality. As far as his communication realms were concerned, he liked to convey his point of compute in a sedate manner because he believed that this was the best mannerism that he could have brought before. The bossy role seems to be a missing link indoors his character which is somewhat of a collateral sign without a doubt (Fridson, 2001).Bill Gates has been a leader who has inspired others around him as wellhead as in different corners of the world. His name has always sparked leadership of the highest value. This is the reason why he is hailed not only within the technological world but also in other industries across the board (Hyde, 2000). His per sonality is such that he can easily be regarded as a transformational leader, one who was able to enhance the motivation levels of the people working with him as well as under the protective cover of Microsoft. He raised their morale and the performance that came along with such a positive nuance which the employees had within their entireties.As a leader, he has fulfilled his functions in a very satisfying manner. This has been showcased by the many decisions that he has taken over a period of time. The release of the Windows from time to time is one timbre that he took towards calling the shots, which was received in a very good stead by the people all over the world (Hillis, 2000). The functions of a leader have therefore been fulfilled amicably well by Bill Gates who knew that since his name meant a great deal of value, he could only use it in a positive manner all the same.The vision that Bill Gates brought forward rivet a great deal on how well Microsoft as an organizatio n was willing to move forward

The Communist Manifesto Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Communist Manifesto - Term study ExampleThe socialist and communist systems, properly so c wholeedspring into humanity in the early undeveloped period, described above, of the struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie(Marx and Engels, p.28). As pointed out in The Communist Manifesto, the elucidate struggle can be observed in the early epochs of human history. Freeman and Slave, Patrician and Plebeian, master copy and serf, guildmaster and journeyman (Marx and Engels, p.3). These two classes were always facing each other in a feat that is characterized as oppressor and oppressed. The opening of the new market as America, The East-Indian and China gave rise to the bourgeoisie. Then, the old feudal system was not able to satisfy these markets, causing the manufacturing system to take place. Given the rise of the middle class, the bourgeoisie had saturnine every occupation into a wage-worker relationship and had constantly revolutionized production and expanding market cause s the expiry of local markets in old established nations. By demanding large quantity of raw materials and forcing nations to become bourgeoisie themselves and calling into existence the working class The Proletariat(Marx and Engels, p.34). ... Under communism, all classes will disappear in the face of socialism. The proletarian in England, France and America had lost traces of national character and the bourgeois law, morality and religion had lost its appeal. The idea pertains to the destruction of all concept of individual property. This becomes a national struggle guided by the communist party. in conclusion civil war is followed by a full blown revolution and the overthrow of the bourgeoisie is inevitable. historically the serf, while serving, can rise above and become part of the commune as a atomic bourgeois under feudal society was able to develop into a bourgeois. As for the modern worker, rather of trying to keep up with the progress of the industry, this will only sin k him deeper into poverty. Poverty can be seen to advance much faster than population and wealth. The proletariat of each country must of course, first of all settle matters with their own bourgeoisie (Marx and Engels, p.12). This is the main natural law that makes the bourgeoisie unfitted to be able to be the ruling class in a society. The bourgeoisie now may not take anxiety of the wage-worker since it depends on the wage-worker to support it. This causes the elimination of the bourgeoisie by nature as it will not be able to define itself in the society. The socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages of modern social conditions without the struggles and dangers of necessity resulting therefrom (ibid, 27). The creation and augmentation of capital is at the heart of the condition for the existence of the bourgeoisie. The wage-worker is essential to create capital. It rests just on competition for wage-worker. The

Tourism Service Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism Service market place - Essay ExampleThese presidential terms are keen to embrace new technology and trends that are relevant in the market (Gordon, 1999). In this case, consumers also dictate the pricing of the goods and services. Schneider (1980) points out customers are given the first anteriority and dictate almost all strategies implemented in this constitutions. Both support and critics have been provided for this merchandise system. In an argument by Gordon (1999) kinship selling strategy is e most evidential strategy that would command an organization has a greater rivalrous advantage. The author defines competitive advantage as the ability of an organization to be preferable than its competitors in terms of consumer selection (Gordon, 1999). To ensure consumer selection an organization should ensure the competitors are first priority when implementing marketing and return strategies. Christopher, Payne & Ballantyne (1991) point out that this can only ach ieve with the relationship marketing strategy. The same argument is supported by Gordon (1999) who points that competitive advantage achieved through relationship marketing strategy is effective enough than any other form. The author compares relationship marketing strategy to the do good and sales oriented marketing strategy (Fielding, 2006). ... For this reason, the relationship marketing strategy is more effective is achieving competitive advantage that the profit oriented marketing strategy. In analyzing the advantages of the relationship strategy, Turner (2003) argues that the strategy captures the attention of a wide market range hence ensures sufficient income from their production of goods and services. Additionally, the strategy ensures that an organization retains a evidentiary direct of competitive advantage. Worthington & Britton (2009) also point out that the strategy makes it easier and possible for an organization to expand its market area and still be assured of a good market reception. However, Gordon (2009) points out that this strategy has forbid influence in the profit retention and sales pushing of an organization. The author indicates that the profit retention marketing strategy incorporates all strategies possible to push sales (Gordon, 2009). With this strategy, an organization ensures that the target profit and sales level is ensured. With the achievement of extra profit and sales, an organization is in the best position to retain a significant competitive advantage. Turner (2003) also argues that an effective advantage is based on the internal success of an organization rather than its marketing abilities. In analyzing the marketing strategy of Costa Coffee, the organization uses relationship marketing strategy (Fielding, 2006). Since its creation in the United Kingdom the organization has been successful across Europe and the some separate of Africa (Worthington & Britton, 2009). As a hotel organization the organization focuses o n effective pricing, hospitality and service provision, quality production of goods and

Discussion Board Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board Assignment 3 - evidence ExampleAt times denying them their rights to knowledge of the workplace or leading others to treat them badly (Huotari and Iivonen, 56).It stub be reduced through the placing of an elaborate conflict resolution procedure by the organizations management. The organization should in any case welcome members of the labor organizations to teach their employees about their rights and responsibilities while they are working in the organization. Another vogue to deal with this problem will be to administering strict punishments to those found abusing their positions by bullying employees (Belasen, 78).If all the in a higher place are taken efforts are taken into consideration, the bullying would reduce, and the organization will experience all the favorableness associated with highly motivated employees who do their work without fear of being bullied.In conclusion, core principals are all important(predicate) to solve organizational mistrust. I t is important to focus on the four core principles that ensure there is unity in the organization that include integrity, result-oriented culture, intent and focusing on the capabilities of the individual. The four principals focus on the aspects that piss trust, which is very crucial in the

Eastern Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eastern worship - Essay ExampleThe reason why these rules are so important is that they have both misprint usefulness in preserving the health of believers and symbolic usefulness such as forging unity surrounded by them in a potentially hostile world.A recent review of the effects of sacredly prompt food habits on health concluded that dietary restrictions, with the exception of strict vegetarianism (vegan diet) of most of the religions might be substantially effective in preventing, treating or controlling a disease (Sarri et al., 2006, p. 18). Clearly there is a good medical reason to avoid some meat and dairy products in hot countries, where these foods give suck disease. Interestingly, the same article points out that there are also psychological and social benefits in active in these rituals, which supports the idea that it is not just avoidance of foods that is beneficial, but the way a whole religious community sets itself apart and binds itself together through its fo od-related rituals.The very complex laws in Judaism have also another(prenominal) purpose, namely to show obedience to God, and to ingrain self-control (Kashrut article). The same is true of the strict rules of Ramadan for Muslims. Clearly there are physical, moral and social reasons why food prohibitions are practised in all major(ip) world religions and that is why they are so important.Sarri, Katerina O., Higgins, Siobhan and Kafatos, Anthony G. Are Religions Healthy? A Review on religious Recommendations on Diet and Lifestyle. Journal of Human Ecology Special Issue 14, (2006), pp. 7-20. Web. Accessed October 27,

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 1 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 1 SLP - Essay ExampleNone of the fruits aims at dominating the tablet market according to the confidence level the VP has in the companys product. The lonesome(prenominal) problem with the tablet company is a proper scheme on segmentation of the market pore on profitability and life cycle of the products. Product X5 As X5 is marketed to be a tablet that is meant for customers who ar conscious of wrong, it denotes the companys median product line. The product line is in writ of execution and price terms. X5 tablets are priced 285 dollars with a rated performance of 1.02 beginning in 2012. Taking default development investment and research, the set maintain their level of steadiness. Product X5 2012 2013 2014 2015 Price $285 $285 $285 $285 performance 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 The table above shows how Joe performed. In its early product cycle, the performance of X5 is favorable against competition. Its gross revenue steadily grow through 2012, altho ugh as the phase of maturity develops during the year 2013, sales fluctuate drastically, (Marketing Teacher, 2000). If there are no price cut benefits to fuel further demand, X5 leave behind rapidly change into the advanced phases of its life cycle. X5 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sales 1,647,592 2,145,622 1,853,177 963,776 Revenue 469,563,809 611,502,211 528,155,442 274,676,048 Variable personify 469,563,809 321,843,269 277,976,548 144,566,341 Total cost 330,058,847 404,763,269 360,896,548 227,486,341 Profit 139,504,962 206,738,942 167,258,894 47,189,707 Product X6 The X6 makes Tablet development company the highest in the technology line focused on customers that look for a tablet that performs well and that ready to pay an amount for it. X6 tablets are priced 430 dollars with a rated performance of 1.02 beginning in 2012. In the absence of enough R and D to maintain its edge of private-enterprise(a) technology, the performance rating deteriorates every subsequent year. Product X6 2012 2013 2014 2015 Price $430 $430 $430 $430 performance 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 The X6 benefit from strong sales inflowing 2012, the central of the introduction phase. The growth, nevertheless, tables into 2013, after which it fluctuates sharply via 2014. With X6 performance falling off to 1, the competitive gain quickly degrades. It does not clearly receive the R and D investment which is required to give returns to its targeted consumer. The table below shows the original promise of introduction phase of X6 that do not survive its version against competition. X6 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sales 1,288,999 2,134,931 2,364,061 1,118,142 Revenue 554,269,513 918,020,206 480,801,048 Variable cost 354,474,689 587,105,945 650,116,782 307,489,042 Total cost 400,134,689 632,765,945 695,776,782 353,149,042 Profit 154,134,825 285,254,260 320,769,459 127,652,006 X7 product The X7 stands for Tablets Development callers product contribution for the summative market. It does not either focus on price sig nalise or performance advantage. This tablet is of a mature product market where consumers look for a jimmy established on a steadiness between price and required performance. Being in the family that is emerging, X7 starts 2012 at 190 dollars with a performance level of 0.97. The combination shows the product immaturity relative to the strategy that it fits in. The investment of R&D in X7 product increases the rate of performance throughout the considered time horizon, although never to a level needed to match its competition. Product X7 2012 2013 2014 20

Research proposal letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research proposal letter - Assignment ExampleThis is what will be experienced by people once the marihuana is legalized as there will be continual usage of the drug. identical to another(prenominal) hard core drugs, continual usage of marijuana will cause damage to the understanding leading to problems such as psychosis in addition to diminished brain functions and affecting the memory. If peoples brains are likely to be destroyed, it means that the state will lack productive people in the future and that will be the beginning of the end of this not bad(p) state. Unborn babies who are the future genesis of this great land will also be affected by the marijuana even composition in the womb.It is open fact as explained by Kleber and Dupont in their research findings that checkup marijuana is of great help to people with glaucoma, epileptic seizures, decreases anxiety, prevents the spread of cancer and is even a powerful painkiller among other health benefits. This therefore mean s that it cannot be prevented from being used for medical purposes. The solution to such an fill out is to therefore only legalize medical marijuana. there should be law indicating that people to produce medical document signed by the physician about the need to use the medical marijuana in the specific shops selling the drug. The sellers should have official permits from the county offices to legalize their sale and regular checks will be make in their shops to ensure they are not breaching their contracts. This legalization will cost less than when the regular marijuana is legalized. The cost of medical expenses will also clip to the sick people are they will reduce their frequent hospital visit and secure of expensive drugs. This is not expected to be an easy topic as people will still find ways to forge documents so they can purchase the marijuana even though they lack pre-existing medical condition to demand the use of the drug. There are also activists who are bound to rej ect even the legalization

Theories in Mass Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theories in Mass Communication - Essay ExampleIt provides different and revealing perspectives on issues and represents the desire for knowledge through aposteriori methods of discovery rather than apriori methods of tradition.There are different schools of thought on how social phenomena should be discussed and interpreted. Post-positivist theories are those that reject the view of the world in a purely scientific manner. This is beca riding habit human knowledge is not founded on unchallengeable, rock solid-foundations and is in fact fallible. While experimental methodological analysis can be used to investigate social phenomena, it is often impossible or unethical to use the kind of carefully controlled laboratory studies characteristic of physics or chemistry for social phenomena. Conceptually, it is often historied that unlike the subjects of natural science, people are reflexive. That is, they may alter their behavior based on the nominal head or findings of the researcher. Th is implies that there is no single, unifying all-encompassing truth emphasizing the need for multiple measures and observations.

Benefits and risks of migrating physical servers into a virtual Essay

Benefits and risks of migrating sensible innkeepers into a virtual surround - Essay Example(VMware) The main(prenominal) reinforcements of server virtualization Server Virtualization technology provides a enactment of advantages that elicit be really substance abuseful to an IT subdivision and to an organization as a whole. Following, we provide a list of representative IT issues that drop take advantage of the benefits of Server Virtualization. Virtual railroad cars can be utilized for consolidating the workload of multiple under-utilized servers into a smaller number of server machines, possibly to only one machine. The associated benefits of this are the economy in hardware infrastructure, environmental cost, in administration and maintenance costs. The need for executing hoary legacy applications that utilize to work in server machines with run systems that have become outdated is absolutely fulfilled by the use of virtual servers. An old application cleverness no t be able to execute in a new environment that is running a new operating system. Even if it is possible to run in that server environment, it might under-utilize the server machine, in a way that the consolidation of this server together with others into a virtual server - as already mentioned in the previous paragraph- does make sense. This might not be feasible without the use of virtualization as this kind of applications usually have not been developed in a way that they can co-exist with others in an public presentation environment. Virtual severs can be used for the creation of operating systems or execution environments with limitations to the usage of physical resources, provided that there exist the suitable routers with guaranteed resource access. Virtual servers can be used for the execution of multiple operating systems simultaneously different versions or even absolutely different operating systems. Virtual servers... It is evident from the study that Server Virtualiz ation is a framework, methodology and technique that achieves the segmentation of the computer machines physical resources into multiple execution environments (which are called virtual private servers), by applying one or more technologies. It is the method of executing multiple independent virtual operating systems in a physical computer machine. It is a way of disguising the physical computer resources, including their number and the identity of the isolated physical servers, processors and operations systems, hiding them from the end users of the virtual server. Server Virtualization technology provides a number of advantages that can be very useful to an IT department and to an organization as a whole. Following, we provide a list of representative IT issues that can take advantage of the benefits of Server Virtualization. Virtual machines can be utilized for consolidating the workload of multiple under-utilized servers into a smaller number of server machines, possibly to only one machine. The associated benefits of this are the economy in hardware infrastructure, environmental cost, in administration and maintenance costs. The migration of the physical servers of an organization to a virtual environment has a lot of benefits. However, server virtualization also generates a number of risks that the organizations have to take seriously into account. Those risks are analyze in the paragraphs that follow.

Leading and managing change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leading and managing mixed bag - Essay Examplehere for which trade-offs are necessary they are inconsistencies in reputation or image, assorted configurations are essential for different positions, etc. A strategy which is framed by an organization enables a firm to achieve the best fit amongst all its activities. In this discover a critical abbreviation will be performed on different theories which describe the major aspects of strategic supplying. The entire study would redden highlight the difference between operational effectiveness and strategic planning. On the other hand the study would even outline the importance of give wayership to manage such strategic planning. These strategy formulations often lead to widespread changes throughout the system. In context of change management it is essential that appropriate leadership lift is adopted so that change can be communicated effectively throughout an organization. It is even important that in that location is a common g oal set for the change so that all team members can expeditiously accomplish the set goals or objectives. The company to be focused on is Toyota Motor Corporation. Over the eld this multinational corporation has been able to set high quality standards and believes in constantly upgrading its business operations so that best service and products can be delivered to the customers. In this particular study strategic planning objectives and change management initiatives associated with Toyota Company would be thoroughly analyzed and will be related to abstractive frameworks.Strategy is a mechanism which brings forth stability in an organization and there are confused factors which actually defines well the concept of strategy. A strategy which is adopted by an organization sets forth a new direction for the organization it defines an organization, focuses on overall effort of an organization and even provides required conformity so that an organization can achieve its desired goals and objectives (Whittington, 2001). In the present scenario there is an

Medicine is the biggest epidemic in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger Essay Example for Free

medical specialty is the biggest epidemic in our time was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger essayIvan Illich was an Austrian philosopher, very popular for his of contribution of theories on the concept of medicalization. He has published mevery books on medicalization and has presented to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease. Medicine is a major therapy tool in mixer vivification and without proper medication human life could be highly constrained by many diseases surrounding it. Ivan Illich has had a contribution in the field of medicalization as a philosopher by constructing theories that various medics chip in followed in their practice. Iatrogenesis is a term that is used to refer an illness that come from medical activity and outweighs any positive benefit of medicine. Iatrogenesis was introduced into cordial science by Illich. According to Illich, iatrogenesis had adverse effects on the industrial parliamentary law as it enhanced the corruption, in capacitated idiosyncratics and limited freedom in an industrial set up. Illich outline three major types of iatrogenesis, these argon clinical, social and cultural iatrogenesis. Illich has theorized various ideas in medicalization and society.This essay will come in out just about theories that highlight whether Illich was a prophet or a rumormonger in society and show some evidence establish on his approaches in medicalization. The essay will as sanitary focus on the notion of iatrogenesis and statistics that has been conducted in the UK based on statistics. Finally, the essay will show some assumptions of Illich on medicalization and similarly how iatrogenesis terminate be prevented in society.According to statistics in the UK, it indicates that the estimation of 215,000 goals every category have been caused by iatrogenic, whereby cancer and the heart disease ar seen to be causing to a greater termination deaths in every year(Shaffer, Philips, Enzer, 2009, p.241). indu ced effects in several cases are fully defined and can be recognized easily, for instance those complications that need a surgical procedure. However, the less obvious complications need significant probe to recognize, such as difficult drug interactions.Ivan Illich who was a researcher and a multilingual prolific source on issues related to society and medicine attributed his concepts of medicalization and proposed his views towards the modern medicine in the society. Illich argued that the notion of medicine had take individuals and society of their capacity to consider with sickness and death (Basford, Lynn Oliver Slevin, 2003, p.122). Therefore, based on Illich, iatrogenesis cannot be understood unless it is seen specifically medical manifestation of particular counter productivity. Illich therefore points out main three aims of iatrogenesis. The first level is the clinical iatrogenesis, this whereby the injury is depicted to the affected roles by unproductive, toxic and insecure treatment to the patients. The second level is the social iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of medicalization of life, and thirdly cultural iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of the destruction of traditionalistic ways of dealing with and making sense of death, pain and illness. Based on the evidence in his whole kit of medicine described for over twenty years, it is noted that Illich was not a rumormonger, but a philosophic prophet, based on his predictions and research on the concept of iatrogenesis.Ivan Illich has traced contemporary idea of the issue of epidemic in the societal context and this notion has greatly focused on the main assumptions that virtuoso to that epidemic. Based on his ideas, he argued on the progressing views on medicine, there is an empowerment model that has evolved out of the realization of epidemic and, therefore, patients cannot be forced to follow a lifestyle dictated by an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s towards the problem of medica lization.Based on Ivan Illichs theories on his perspectives towards natural wellness, medicine undermines wellness of individuals not only based directly on aggression, but also over the impact of its social organization on the milieu. On that context, when the medical damage to the wellness of an individual is produced based on the sociopolitical mode of transmission. Thus, according to Illich, social iatrogenesis is designated in all impairments on regard to health that specifically to those socio-economic revolutions which have been made pretty, probable, or essential by the formal shape health fright has taken (Kazer, 2008, p.209). Thus, based on his views towards the medicalization, the assumptions that erupt prevail that Illich was one person in the society who was seen as a prophet. Most volume considered his ideas more especially his aspects on the iatrogenesis and through his open minded on the society, they regard his views to be those of a prophet.The iatrogenic death has become the third leading cause of death in the UK, surpassing the death by stroke. Based on different sources indicate that, between 200,000 and 250, 000 masses are reported to die each year from Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) in the hospital lay (Kazer, 2008, p.289). On the same note, it is seen that deaths by ADRs kills over five times as the illegal combined in every year and that is the around conservative estimate that is outlined. Thus, the prescription drug Vioxx kills an estimate of 60,00 people by cardiac arrest alone and this figure does not reflect and account for any other fatal side effects such as the internal bleeding. In most cases, medicine undermines health and this is not only based on direct aggression against individuals but it has also an impact on the social organization on the total milieu. Therefore, medical damage to the individual health is enacted by the social iatrogenesis. This defines all the deficiencies that subdue to health and are due precisel y to those socio-economic revolutions that have been made impressive, possible by the established shape health care.Iatrogenesis has many dimensions as per Ivan Illichs concept. The undesirable side-effects of approved, mistaken, callous or contra-indicated technical foul contacts with the medical system represent only first level of pathogenic medicine. The belief of people that they cannot cope with illness without modern medicines reinforces and lays the ground for iatrogenesis by surrendering themselves to the doctors.According to Illich, he illustrates that the social iatrogenesis is not yet declare as a collective etiology of sickness. He outlines that the diagnosis very much serves as a intend of turning political grievances besides the stress of growth into needs for more remedies that are just more of its expensive and demanding outputs, the industrial system would lose one of its major defenses. On the same note, responsiveness of the extent to which iatrogenic ill heal th is politically-communicated would shake the basics of medical power much more late than any catalogue of medicines technical faults. Based on this fact, his works and ideas portray the assumption of his research and these shows that he was not a rumourmonger but can be seen as a prophet in several aspects since his predictions indicated the notion of reality.Iatrogenesis designates a condition of illness, disease, injury or hostile health brought upon a patient as an indirect or direct result of medical diagnosis or cure. Therefore, when iatrogenesis gets into pain, there are numerous common varieties of iatrogenesis, that subsidize to the on-set of symptoms, as well as the dissemination and worsening of existing conditions. astute postoperative pain is followed by insistent pain in 10-50% of individuals after mutual operations, such as breast and thoracic surgery, groin hernia repair, and coronary artery bypass surgery leg amputation (Gould, Brooker Gould, 2008, p.167). Iatrog enic complications are very common most people who are affected are the elderly than the juvenility patients. These complications include the adverse effects as the interactions, falls, nosocomial infections, Pressure ulcers and other relevant complications to surgery, however, prevention is very much possible, (Odea Erikson, 2010, p.341). For example, the large percentage that is affected is the men. The statistics indicate that women live longer than women, however, the spend most of their lives with different disparities. The sens rates between women in UK were slightly low compared to men, thus women smoke 25.1% while men 31.2%.The sign step in stoppage is to categorize patients at high risk in order to jazz the way forward in which to help that particular individual. Risk factors may include the pastime. Prevention is the most crucial factor and determining the effective way to prevent such assumption is to overlook on that factors that contribute to such infections. After full recognition of that factors, focusing on the proper measures that should be taken into consideration to avoid those elements that affect the situation (Miller, 2013, p.178). Thus, interventions that can prevent iatrogenic complications may include the following addressing proper medication to the patient by relying on primary evidence.In conclusion, Illich can be considered a prophet and not a rumourmonger. A prophet according to religion is a person who can tell about the future. This declaration has evolved from a number of his assumptions on medicine and his approaches towards the medicalization that are entirely based on his research of over twenty years. For instance, in UK there are several individuals who die of diseases conjugate to the effect of iatrogenesis in every year. This aspect is seen to affect the elderly people more than the young. Illichs views on medicalization are shown to be very significant to the society as they enlightened individuals to be aware of some aspects that lead to iatrogenesis. With the evidence on health system, his philosophies are examined to be very significant in society since they mainly focused on the main areas that analyze medicalization. His predictions in several aspects support his research on the health systems in society and this fully defines him as a prophet. It has been documented that no substantial addition to life expectancy or the quality of life critically ill patients has been achieved by high tech toll medical technology. As a contrast, there are many medical interventions, which are simple, cheap and often without any need of medicine yet are quite effective. However, such simple remedies are often neglect or ignored altogether. medicalization encourages our dependence on professional care, and on medical drugs.ReferencesBasford, L. Oliver S. 2003. Theory and suffice of Nursing An Integrated Approach to Patient Care. Cheltenham, U.K Nelson Thornes.Gould, D., Brooker, C., Gould, D. 2008. Infection prevention and control applied microbiology for healthcare. Basingstoke England, Palgrave Macmillan.Kazer, M. W. 2008. Essentials of gerontological nursing. bare-assed York, Springer.Miller, A. B. 2013. Epidemiologic studies in cancer prevention and screening. New York, NY, Springer.ODea, J. A., Eriksen, M. P. 2010.Childhood obesity prevention international research, controversies, and interventions. Oxford U.K, Oxford University Press.Shaffer, D., Philips, I., Enzer, N. B. 2009.Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol, and other drug use in children and adolescents. Rockville, Md. (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857), The Office.Source document

Emotion and Behaviors Essay Example for Free

Emotion and Behaviors EssayThis project requires that you debate away twain preschool-age sisterren in the Child and Family Development Center (ground floor of the Alfred Emery Building) and, on the basis of your observations, report on a special(a) aspect of their schooling. In the following pages, three nigh options devote be presentedyou may focus on both language development, give in on, or stirred up behavior. Thus, the option you select go forth determine the nature of the observation you conduct, solely it is also true that every(prenominal) projects essential(prenominal) follow the same guideline. First, you must decide which of the three options you will pursue. Second, you should become familiar with the objectives of your observation (based on the descriptions presented in the following pages as easy as any reading from the textbook that would prove useful in this regard). Third, you should begin planning your observation this should acknowledge d ecisions regarding what you will focus on during your observations (e. g., behaviors, particular proposition features of the physical and social background), what mannequins of things you will try to take nones on in the course of your observation, which preschool class you will regain, and when you will plan to conduct your observation to assure that you will leave yourself enough prison term for a second chance should you fail to gather all of the requisite schooling on your first observation attempt. Fourth, you should conduct your observation, paying very c argonful attention to the behaviors and federal agencys that you have (beforehand ) trenchant argon most burning(prenominal)in all cases, you will have to happen two peasantren for 15 minutes from each one. do notes and remember that these notes are all you will have to work from when writing your paper. I also would advocate that you allow yourself approximately 1 hour for your observation. This would allow you at least a few minutes at the start out of the observation to get a feel for the classroom and the squirtren in it and to identify the two shaverren you will pursue ample time to observe each tiddler for 15 minutes (which may be split into 5 minutes now, 5 minutes in a short man and 5 more minutes at the end of your hour) and even more or less time to acquit up for observations that dont result in any use sufficient information.Fifth, you must rely on your notes and the details of the assignment to falsify your paper. In all cases, I am entreating that you provide some general, objective information round what you observed in each child, and that you interpret your observations in terms of what youve learned virtually preschooler development. In addition, the introduction of your paper should provide a brief description of who you observed, when you observed them and what was going on in the preschool classroom during your observation period. Finally, at the end of y our paper, briefly comment upon your experience as an observer.For example, How easy or difficult was it? What did you learn? How confident are you in the representativeness of the behaviors you observed for each child? As usual, all papers MUST BE TYPED. You are limited to 3 typewritten pages so think carefully close to how best to organize all of the information you wish to present. Papers are due at the beginning of class on Tuesday, April 15. *****The preschool schedule is as follows There are three different preschool classes (children ages 3-5) one meets Mon/ draw/Fri, 830-1130, one meets Tues/Thur, 830-1130, and one meets Mon thru Fri, 1230-330 pm).In all cases, there should be no problems if you observe (quietly) from the observation booths attached to each classroom, or from outside the playground fence. If you wish to observe from within the classroom, or if you wish to go onto the playground with the children, you will pauperism the permission of the head teacher. solel y tell them round the project, mention the class and instructors name, and there should not be a problem (do this fore of time ). Following are descriptions of the three options, each focusing upon a different feature of preschoolers development.In this exercise, you will be concerned with describing and analyzing the childs speech and determining such things as the depth and mixture of his/her vocabulary. 1. It is important to look at the childs speech in terms of Piagets concepts of egocentrism and sociocentrism. Egocentric speech is speech that does not take the new(prenominal) person into account it is speech that, for all practical purposes, is private. There is no factual effort to communicate with the former(a) person therefore, whatever is said is meaningful only to the speaker.Piaget identified three types of egocentric speech (a) monologue, in which the somebody talks only to himself and with no other persons present (b) repetition, in which the unmarried repeats wo rds and phrases over and over again as if to practice them or as if he hardly enjoyed making the sounds and (c) collective monologue, in which two or more persons are talking together merely none of them is paying attention to what the others are saying. Each conversation is independent of the other conversation. interact speech, on the other hand, is public speech.It is intended to communicate with someone and each person takes into account what others are saying and responds agreely. Q1 2. Does the child engage in egocentric or socialized speech? What are the constituent under which these types of speech are use? Vocabulary is the foundation of speech. We communicate by putting individual words together into properly constructed sentences and paragraphs. Presumably, the greater the calculate of words in our vocabularies, the greater the number and variety of sentences and ideas we send away utter and transmit to others.Words have different meanings and serve different purp oses. Moreover, words must be placed in the correct position within a sentence thus, there are rules of grammar and syntax. Q2 What do you observe about the childs vocabulary? In particular, examine the childs speech for words that testify traffic and oppositions, for example, words such as and, or, not, same, different, more, less, instead, if, then, and because. Also, how varied or rich is the childs vocabulary when he/she talks about the world and the people/things in it?Think in terms of general classes or categories of objects, persons, and events, then evaluate how many different words the child uses to discuss those categories and/or how many different categories the child uses. B. data-based Objectives To learn about the language production abilities of preschool children, and how children of preschool age use language as a message of social interaction. C. Procedure For this exercise, your purpose is to observe and record the language behaviors of children as they are engaging in social exchanges.Basically, you will need to write about the vocabularies demonstrated, the ways in which children use their language for the unique(predicate) purpose of communicating with others (either adults or other children), and the degree to which language appears to be influenced by the setting in which it occurs. For this purpose, select two children and observe each of them for 15 minutes during a time when they have opportunity to interact with others in a small group settingfree-choice periods are probably best. (Do not try to observe two children at the same time ).As you observe, take notes regarding the nature and variety of words used by each child (writing down exactly what the child says would of course be very useful), the childs specific use of language to communicate with others, and the context in which all of this is going on. For each child, your paper should include a brief description of the language used (including information about vocabula ry, communication and context) as well as an interpretation of each childs language behavior in terms of what youve learned about development during the preschool years. II. PRESCHOOLERS PLAYA. Background Information encounter is considered by some psychologists to be the most important military action in which the novel child engages. Indeed, play activities pervade the lives of children from infancy throughout childhood. Some play seems plainly linked to the childs observation of adults other play seems to stem from the childs fantasies and from experiences that she finds particularly enjoyable. There are a number of explanations of the major purposes of play. These range from play as getting rid of excess energy to play as a means of socioemotional expression. renovate can be a group or an individual activity. Play is distinguished from non-play by its special characteristics, the most important of which are its voluntary nature and its complete structuring by the participant s, with little regard for outside regulation. When play is governed by consistent rules, we say children are playing games. These rules give play a social dimension. The participants must put their own personal wishes into the background and abide by the requirements of the game and the wishes of the larger group.It is important to note that not everything children do is play, although they will sometimes try to move over play out of what adults intend to be serious. Parten (1932) has identified six types of play, which are given in an incidental list (next page). Remember that play, like all behavior, occurs in a physical and social context. Therefore, include in your report information on the equipment and materials the child was using in his play and who the child was playing with, if appropriate. B. Partens six Classifications of Play or Social Interactions 1.Unoccupied Behavior Here the child is not engaging in any obvious play activity or social interaction. Rather, she watc hes anything that is of interest at the moment. When there is goose egg of interest to watch, the child will play with her own body, move around from place to place, follow the teacher, or stay in one spot and look around the room. 2. Onlooker Behavior Here the child spends most of her time watching other children play. The child may talk to the playing children, may ask questions or give suggestions, but does not enter into play.The child remains within speaking place so that what goes on can be seen and heard this indicates a definite interest in a group of children, unlike the unoccupied child, who tapes no interest in any particular group of children, but only a shifting interest in what happens to be exciting at the moment. 3. Solitary Play This is play activity that is conducted independently of what anyone else is doing. The child plays with toys that differ from those used by other children in the contiguous area within speaking distance, and she makes no effort to get c loser to them or to speak to them.The child is focused entirely on her own activity and is uninfluenced by other children or their activities. 4. check Play Here the child is playing close to other children but is still independent of them. The child uses toys that are like the toys being used by the others, but he uses them as he sees pass away and is neither influenced by nor tries to influence the others. The chid thus plays beside rather than with the other children. 5. Associative Play Here the child plays with other children.There is a sharing of play material and equipment the children may follow each other around there may be attempts to control who may or may not play in a group, although such control efforts are not strongly asserted. The children engage in equal but not necessarily identical activity, and there is no division of labor or nerve of activity or individuals. Each child does what he or she essentially wants to do, without putting the interests of the group first. 6. concerted or Organized Supplementary Play The key word in this category is organized.The child plays in a group that is established for a particular purpose making some material product, gaining some competitive goal, playing formal games. There is a sense of we-ness, whereby one definitely belongs or does not belong to the group. There is also some leadership presentone or two members who train the activity of the others. This therefore requires some division of labor, a taking of different roles by the group members, and the sustentation of one childs efforts by those of the others. C. Observational ObjectivesTo learn about the distinguishing characteristics of different forms of play, specifically according to Partens classification of play behaviors. D. Procedure Familiarize yourself with Partens classifications of play as described above. take aim two children in the preschool and observe each of them for 15 minutes, preferably during a free-choice period when th e children are free to move about the room and play with who or what they wish. (Do not attempt to observe both children at the same time ) As you observe each child, look for examples of each type of play or social interaction as described by Parten.Also, in addition to classifying each childs play behaviors, observe whether there are any patterns to their play. For example, are there particular situations in which a child tends to be an onlooker, but in other situations he/she engages in parallel or cooperative play? As you observe, you should take notes regarding these pertinent issues so that you will have something to work from in writing your paper. For each child, your paper should include a brief description of the types of play exhibited (including information about which type(s) are exhibited most frequently) and the social context which characterized each type of play.Additionally, you should provide an interpretation of your observations based on what youve learned abou t development during the preschool years. III. EMOTION behaviour A. Background Information Emotions are such a basic part of our psychological beings that we sometimes take them for granted. Some of our emotions are clearly identifiable by us. We know when we are angry, frightened, or joyous. At other times, however, we can have feelings that are not so clear we may not be able to label what we feel. Whatever the case, emotions are internal experiences that are private and directly accessible only to the individual experiencing them.This being so, we cannot state with certainty what emotion another person is feeling. She must tell us, or we must infer the emotion on the basis of the individuals behavior, facial expressions, and the event that preceded and might have caused the feeling. A childs emotional behaviors become more refined and extensive as she matures. Therefore, a four- or five-year-old will typically be more emotionally expressive than a two-year-old. In this exercise, you will be trying to gain some understanding of the childs emotional behaviors, of the range of her emotions and the kinds of situations that prompt these behaviors.Again, you can only infer what the child is feeling and cannot observe emotions directly. Therefore, be cautious in your interpretations and concentrate on the childs obvious behaviors and the contexts in which they occur. 1. There are some(prenominal) emotions that are commonly found in preschool children aggression, dependency and fear. Aggressive behavior is frequently defined as behavior that is intended to physically or psychologically hurt another person (or oneself) or to disability or destroy property. An important issue is whether a behavior is intentionally aggressive or simply an accidental occurrence.Further, it is argued by some that in order for a behavior to be termed aggressive, the aggressor must feel provoke or hostility toward the victim and must derive satisfaction from hurting the victim. This k ind of aggression is called hostile aggression. In contrast to hostile aggression, there can be cases where the aggressor is implicated only in getting some object from the victim or achieving some goal. This is called slavish aggression, and it need not involve anger or hostility.Observe the childs behavior for instances of aggression, either towardanother child or an adult, or towards objects in the environment. Be certain to differentiate between intentional, hostile and instrumental acts of aggression. What kinds of situations or frustrations make the child angry? What behaviors by other people anger the child? How does the child express his/her anger? Dependency consists of such behaviors as clinging or maintaining proximity to adults or other children, seeking approval, recognition, assistance, attention, and reassurance, and striving for essence and support. It is important to recognize that all of us are dependent.The issue is to what degree and under what circumstances w e show our dependency. It is also useful to distinguish between two basic types of dependency a) instrumental dependency, which essentially is the necessary reliance we have on others for certain things that are beyond our capacity to do and b) emotional dependency, which is a need to be near others and to have their support, affection and reassurance. It can also be the unwillingness or the selfperceived inability to do things for oneself that one can or should be able to do.It is important that, where possible, you distinguish instrumental dependency from emotional dependency behaviors. It is also important to note that as children mature, the characteristics of their dependency behaviors change. Very young children are apparent to show clinging and proximity-seeking behaviors, whereas older children, who also have greater cognitive abilities, will likely seek attention and approval. Q3 3. Fear is demonstrated by such behaviors as crying, withdrawing, seeking help, and avoiding t he fear-producing situation. Fear can promote both dependency and aggressive behaviors.Nonetheless, fear can be expressed in such a way that it, and not aggression or dependency, is the primary emotion. Q4 4. In what situations or activities is the child dependent, and, for example, seeks the presence, direction, or assistance of others? In what situations is the child independent and does not seek direction or assistance from others? What kinds of objects or situations appear to scare the child? In what ways does the child express his/her fears? How does he/she deal with his fears (e. g. , by withdrawing, confronting the fearful situation, seeking help)?In addition to the emotional behaviors just discussed, there are other feelings that children are capable of experiencing and expressing. You should be alert to as many of the childs affective states as possible. For example, there are the feelings of joy and displeasure, frustration, boredom and sadness. Like adults, children will differ as to how accurately they can identify and/or express what they feel. Q5 What kinds of things does the child find pleasant? What activities, play materials, stories, games and so on, seem to be particularly attractive to the child?How does the child express that pleasure? Q6 What kinds of things are unpleasant or uncomfortable for the child? In what situations does the child appear to be ill at ease? How does she express her displeasure? Q7 Are all or most of the childs feelings expressed with equal strength, or does their intensity vary with the particular feeling or situation? B. Observational Objectives To learn about the differences in childrens emotional behaviors and the range of emotional responses in preschool children. C. ProcedureSelect two children, observe and record each childs behavior for a 15-minute period (do not attempt to observe both children at the same time ). Record behaviors in as much detail as possible (attending to the kinds of things that would he lp you answer the above questions) and be sure to include descriptions of the physical and social context as they apply to the emotional behaviors observed. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT YOU OBSERVE CHILDREN DURING THE VERY BEGINNING OF THEIR PRESCHOOL CLASS SO THAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO SEE THEM AS THEY ARE BEING DROPPED OFF BY THEIR PARENTS AND THEN MAKING THEIR sign ADJUSTMENT TO THEIR PRESCHOOL SETTING.Your paper should include a brief description of each childs behavior (including the different kinds of emotions, the contexts in which they occurred and the relative frequency of each expression) as well as an interpretation or comment on each child using some of the questions and background information provided above. Finally, compare the two children, looking at the range of emotional expression, intensity of expression, and what evokes the emotional responses. In short, summarize how the children differ from each other in this area of functioning.

When looking at a company or organisation and the way their staff work within it Essay Example for Free

When expression at a comp both or organisation and the focus their staff deed within it EssayWhen get winding at a phoner or organisation and the way their staff work within it, we must take into account the effects and theories of motivation. Without motivation most of us find it difficult to undertake any task and the same can be said in the business world. Without the right motivation productiveness will be affected in, more likely, a negative way. So what is the correct way to make a motion is there only unmatched way or ar there many different theories as to how to motivate? Surely pay alone is enough of a motivating factor? In dedicate to better understand the effects of motivation we can look at various theorists who have precondition us globally recognised theories on motivation. I will be concentrating primarily on quaternary of the most well known.Amongst the many theorists on motivation, four stand out more than any others. part because they were among th e earliest to consider the differing factors and partly because their theories were so succinct and concise that they have stood the test of fourth dimension and are relevant to daylight. Their institutes, in chronological order, are Taylor, Mayo, Maslow and Herzberg, all of whom formed their theories between 1890 and 1960. Their theories are different approximate do have certain overlapping qualities as will be shown.To begin I shall look at FW Taylor who believed that the only subject that motivated people was money. In the early 1900s he conducted experiments in era and motion by looking at different work forces and figuring out how to make them work more efficiently. He worked out a simple, set procedure for the worker to follow maximising take and aptitude. By introducing a piecework rate (where you are pay per item made) he introduced a financial fillip which he believed was all that a worker required to be motivated. Interestingly, it was largely thanks to Taylor that the modern cable simple machine is affordable to most people. Employed by Henry Ford in the early 1900s, Taylor improved efficiency in his factory by putting the cars onto a specially built assembly line that move the car past the workers. This sped up production dramatically and reduced the time it took to build a car from around fourteen hours to under two.Next is Elton Mayo who in the 1930s conducted what is known as the Hawthorne experiments (amongst others), the name being taken from the electrical company he was studying. The basis for his experiment was to see whether the level of sporting in the factory played a part in production and efficiency, Mayo believing that it did. He split twelve women workers into two groups and adjusted the levels of light available to all(prenominal) group accordingly. He effectuate that production was improved in both groups regardless of light levels. His conclusion was that the at gotion being paid to the women and the better commu nication and teamwork were what altered the output.Both Taylor and Mayo had theories that looked more at the environment and the effect it had on workers than what actually made the workforce tick. Our next theorist, Maslow, on the other hand looked at the inescapably of the individualistic and how meeting those aims altered or motivated them. He identified five levels of need, each one needing to be satisfied before the next level became a motivating factor. Normally drawn as a triangle or pyramid, it shows what Maslow believed people wanted from their jobs. He believed that everyone starts at the bottom and works their way up.Self actualisation=== Esteem need ======== Social needs =========== condom needs ============= Physical needs =======hhttp//www.projectalevel.co.uk/business/motivation possible action.htmThe definition of the five levels is* Physical needs- Thirst, hunger* Safety needs- Safety and shelter* Social needs- The need to belong, group acceptance* Esteem needs- Respect and recognition from others* Self actualisation- Self esteem.The main problem with this theory is that not every one will have the same needs and different people whitethorn not fit into this pattern.The last theorist is Herzberg, who conducted surveys to find out what people liked and disliked virtually their jobs. He put the results into two categories Motivators and Hygiene factors. Motivators are things like challenging and meaningful work, praise, responsibility and engagement in decision making. Hygiene factors are more basic, such as good pay, holidays, job trade protection and welcome people around you. His belief was that you had to satisfy at least one thing from each of the two main categories to achieve happiness or fulfilment at work. Achieving more than one thing in one group and nothing in the other would not make you happy. Below is a table of Herzbergs factors. To this day, however, no-one is sure why he called them hygiene factorsMotivatorsHygiene fact orsAchievementCompany policy reference of achievementSupervisionMeaningful and interesting workPayResponsibilityInterpersonal relations promotionWorking conditionshhttp//www.projectalevel.co.uk/business/motivationtheory.htmEach of the theorists looked at has stand alone theories we can fit all of them into Maslows pyramid of needs however to see where they overlap.Self actualisation=== Esteem needs ======== Social needs =========== Safety needs ============= Physical needs =======So, now that we have looked at four of the theories of motivation and how they work on paper, can we now fit all or any of them to a real company? To evaluate this I chose the supermarket leader, Asda. With annual sales of over 135.4bn and a position never outside the top ten in the Times Online 100 best companies, Asda are clearly doing something right. But how significant is the way they negotiate their workforce in relation to their high turnover figures? To discover this we need to look at just what i s on offer to the Asda employees, or as they are all called within the organisation colleagues.As an organisation, Asda has seen its sporting share of ups and downs. Founded in 1965, Asda very nearly went bankrupt in the 1980s until a new caution team was brought in, adopting many of Wal-Marts (at the time an American contemporary of Asda now, after a 6.7bn takeover four age ago, Asdas owners) principles. The Asda chain is recognised for its caring approach, not only to customers but to staff as well. All employees are called colleagues and are given equal status, which fits with Herzbergs motivators or Mayos theories on teamwork and recognition. This instils self esteem in the workforce and proves to be a good move with 89% of staff saying they can have a laughter with their colleagues and 85% believing their managers are open and honest with them.Staff turnover of 29% is good for a company that employs over 136,000 people with 46% of those employed being under 35 years of age, this is a youth oriented company. With an award for flexible working patterns under its belt, and with nearly 60% of the workforce on a part time basis, this is seen as an important benefit to the colleagues. On top of that there is the awing benefit of at least sixteen weeks gestation leave on full pay, extra weeks maternity leave above the statutory forty weeks and a crche on site or wait on with nursery fees. All of these benefits tie in with Herzbergs hygiene factors as well as both Mayos and Maslows theories on social and security needs being met. The only theorist to not get a attend in relation to Asda is Taylor, but then his theory is more applicable to afactory or industry where production of goods, not the manner in which they are sold, is paramount. Piecework is not something that could be introduced successfully to Asda as it goes against the ethos of everyone being equal.In conclusion I feel that many of the theories are applicable to modern day business. Involvemen t, recognition, good working conditions and job security are all basic but essential needs for a happy and productive working environment. With perhaps the exception of Taylor, all of the theorists are still as relevant in their thinking today as they were when they first carried out their studies, and these theories have stood the test of time and the change in attitude from employees of yesteryear to the present day.The success of Asda is most definitely down to the congenial staff attitudes and the light and airy feel to the work environment, brought about by respect and consideration. A good subject of how far a member of their staff went to fulfil a customers needs is recounted in this written report taken from the Times Online website..The culture of care and respectis typified by the story of a customer who wanted a sun lounger for her recuperation after a mastectomy. While she was shopping at the Tipton store in the West Midlands, staff member Chris Lee offered to help. Le e, who had undergone the same operation, gave the woman her home phone number and ulterior spent two hours on the phone with her. The delighted customer wrote to Asda and as a result the company gave Lee and her grandchildren a trip to Disneyland Paris.The reward benefits not only the recipient, but the whole workforce and is an example to all of how great Asda really is at employer/employee relations.References1. hhttp//www.projectalevel.co.uk2. http//www.timesonline.co.ukBibliographyElliott, C Quinn, F (2002), English Legal System (4th Edition) Harlow, Pearson nurture LTDThe Motivational Theorists. D. Pettigrew, FdSc Law Yr 1.

The Soft Drink Industry Essay Example for Free

The well-fixed Drink Industry EssayIndiana University-South change formhe average U.S. consumer absorbings more low-key rackets per capita (2.3 eight ounce servings a day) than any early(a) beverage, including milk. mesa 1 shows the per capita role of various beverages in the U.S. for 1991-1995. In terms of 1995 retail gross gross revenue, cottony drinks in the U.S. atomic number 18 a $52 billion dollar industry (Standard Poors Corp., 9611). The U.S. market growth for nuts drinks, however, has slowed to undivided digits since the end of 1980s (Sawinski, 95550). Fifty-four percent of the worlds woolly drink sight is sold external trades union America, and in 1995, the per capita consumption of soft drinks in continental markets outside North America orbital cavityd from a low of 2.02 gallons in Africa to a high of 13.86 gallons in South America.INDUSTRY PRODUCTS AND VALUE CHAINThe industry, formerly synonymous with the Cola, has now grown into one with a wide range of intersections. Additional flavors much(prenominal) as orange, cherry, lime, lemon, pepper, and ginger ales earn appeared in the market, and caffeine-free and diet versions of al some all of the industrys products have been introduced. In 1996, Cola brands busy the draw two marketshare positions in the U.S., enchantment non-cola brands such(prenominal) as Mountain Dew, Sprite, and 7UP were as well as among the top disco biscuit best-merchandising soft drinks. Also, in 1996, gross revenue volume for the top two Colas, Coca-Cola Classic and Pepsi-Cola, grew 3.2% and 3% respectively, small-arm gross revenue volume for Mountain Dew and Sprite grew 5.7% and 17.6% respectively. Table 2 shows the call of 10 best selling soft drinks in the U.S. market. patrician drinks are made by mixing syrup (which is made from new(a) fabrics such as sugar, sweeteners, and flavoring additives) with carbonated water. While some of the soft drinks are sold at gives, others are box in b ottles or sacks.A large portion of the soft drink industrys cut-rate sales is in the packaged form (Sawinski, 95549 estimates that 75% of all soft drinks sold in the U.S. were in the packaged form). Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo have historically maintained control all over bottling and distribution through with(predicate) part or full ownership of some of their bottling plants. Cadbury Schweppes, on the other hand, has chosen to outsource its bottling function in the U.S. market. Cadbury Schweppes relies on independent bottlers and the bottling operations owned by Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo to bottle its products. Recently, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo decided to drop some of Cadburys brands from their bottling operations to suck room for their own brands. As a result,Cadbury estimates that it has lost more or less 20 one million million cases in sales (Theodore, 97a40). In another recent event, PepsiCo lost a signifi spatet part of its Latin American stemma when its Venezuelan bot tler defected to Coca-Cola Co. (Sellers, 9674-78).Bottling operations and syrup production differ in their capital intensity and profitability. For example, in 1995, Coca-Cola Enterprisesa conjunction intermeshed primarily in bottling and distributionhad revenues of $0.75 for every dollar invested in assets, while Coca-Cola Co., which is primarily engaged in syrup production, enjoyed revenues of $1.25 for every dollar invested in assets. Also, while Coca-Cola Co. earned a 17% bring around on sales in 1995, an average company engaged primarily in bottling and distribution of soft drinks would earn between 2 to 5% (Standard Poors Corp., 9622).INDUSTRY STRUCTUREIndustry Players and CompetitionThe U.S. and worldwide soft drink industries are quite concentrated. Long dominated by two companies, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo, the industry dictum the emergence of a third significant player when Cadbury Schweppes acquired the Dr. Pepper and 7UP brands in 1995. Table 3 shows that the top common chord firms accounted for 90% of the U.S. soft drink market in 1996, and Table 4 shows that the same three firms controlled 77% of the world soft drink market in 1995. Appendix 1 provides a list of product lines and their performance for each of the three firms, and Appendix 2 provides selected financial data for the three companies.Soft drink sales volume in the U.S. has grown at an average annual rate of 3.28% over the last five years, reaching 14,199.5 million gallons in 1996. Soft drink sales outside North America represented 54% of the world sales volume in 1995 and have grown at an average annual rate of 6.52% between 1990 and 1995. Table 5 shows worldwide soft drink sales volume by continent, and Table 6 shows worldwide per capita soft drink consumption by continent. novel Entry Into the IndustryThe production technologies required for manufacturing soft drinks is widely available for potential entrants. Competing on a national or global scale, however, requires the ab ility to manufacture and distribute a well-recognized brand. Soft drinks are among the most advertised products, and soft drink commercials are a regular feature in most high-profile publicize events. In 1996, for example, Coca-Cola Co. had an unprecedented one hundred commercial spots during the Summer Olympics, and PepsiCo had anumber of commercials during the super-bowl. Coca-Cola Co., PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes exhausted a total of $469.1 million on media advertising in the U.S. market between January and September 1996, up from the $370.7 million spent during the corresponding period in 1995 (Beverage Industry, 3/97 40-41).Channels of DistributionAs mentioned earlier, there are two main channel categories in this industrypackaged product channels and give channels. The packaged product channels overwhelm supermarkets, mass merchandisers, drug stores, and vending machines. Fountain channels include fast- victuals restaurants, sports arenas, public convenience stores, an d gas stations. While supermarkets are, at present, the largest channel in the U.S., the fountain channel has been growing fast. According to wag Perely, Senior Vice President/General Manager of fountain/food service for Dr. Pepper/7UP, fountain sales in the U.S. grew at an average annual rate of about 5% in the last five years, while overall soft drink sales in the U.S. grew at an average annual rate of about 3% during the same period (Sfiligoj, 9754). Bill Perely attributes the growth in fountain sales to the increase popularity of fast foodsin particular the carry-out segment of fast foods.Soft drink companies have stepped up their efforts to capture a larger share of the fountain business by introducing more of their brands at the fountain, by aggressively competing for service contracts with high-profile customers, and by working with fountain outlets on joint promotion and dispensing technologies. Jeff Dunn, Vice President of field sales and marketing at Coca-Cola Co., notes that fountain customers are becoming increasingly brand conscious. He says, For years, consumers have essentially asked for a generic kind of soft drink from the fountain dispenser at the restaurant they were in, but thats changing. forthwith consumers actually ask for a soft drink by its namelike Sprite instead of 7UP, for instanceand wont interpose one for the other (Sfiligoj, 9760).To fountain outlets like fast-food restaurants or convenience stores, increased brand thought means that they can attract more customers by carrying some(prenominal)soft drink brands instead of reasonable a few. Signs of fountain outlets seeking to diversify the brands that they carry emerged in early 1996 when Circle K community took Coca-Cola Co. to court seeking to terminate its fountain contract which precluded Circle K from selling other company brands at its fountains (Sfiligoj, 9756). Circle K prevailed in its efforts, and its stores now have a range of non-Coke brands along with Cokes p roducts. It remains to be seen if Circle Ks court battle signals a new era in the fountain business, one where fast-food restaurants and other fountain outlets no longer carry the brands of just one soft drink company.In international markets, soft drink companies face a number of distribution challenges. In umteen of the emerging province markets such as India, China, and Indonesia, for example, poor road conditions and other infrastructure problems render in effect(p) distribution by motortrucks very difficult. Physical distribution in these markets often involves using an army of mountain on tricycles and bicycles to haul the products through narrow and winding streets. At the retail end, problems include lack of refrigerators in retail outlets and even lack of power lines in some places. Overcoming these distribution problems has required and may stick to require sizable investments in infrastructure development and giving away or loaning coolers.SuppliesSupplies for soft drinks include various ingredients utilize in the production of soft drinks and packaging materials use for the finished product. Soft drink production involves mixing a number of ingredients including water, preservatives, sugar/sweeteners, flavors, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide. Appendix 3 provides an example of a soft drink production batch sheet.Table 7 shows the worldwide soft drink ingredients consumption for 1996 and consumption estimates for 2001. Bulk sweetener refers to sugar manufactured from agricultural produce such as cane and beat. According to the economic research unit of the U.S. department of agriculture, the world spot cost for sugar has been trending down and averaged 12.10 cents a pound in thelast quarter of 1995. Looking ahead, the economic research unit forecasts the world sugar production for 1996/97 (October 1996 to September 1997) at 125.1 million metric heaps and the global consumption of sugar for the same period at 123.0 million metric tons ( Beverage Industry, 5/9743).High-intensity sweeteners, in contrast to sugar, are compounds that result from extensive research and development by food product companies. These sweeteners are subject to very close scrutiny by the U.S. Food and Drug arrangement before being approved for use in soft drinks and other food products. Currently used primarily in low-calorie and sugar-free beverages, the consumption of these high-intensity sweeteners remains low. A beverage industry report points out that the consumption of high intensity sweeteners in soft drinks is expected to rise as more companies producing these products gain FDA approval.In the 1960s, aluminium cans began to make inroads into the beverage container business. Working diligently to capture a larger share of the container market, atomic number 13 can companies had reduced the cost of using their products by minimizing the aluminum content in cans and by component part their customers develop equipment to produce cans at machine-gun speed and fill them at very high rates (2,000 cans per minute). These innovations enabled aluminum can makers to capture just over a quarter of the soft drink container market by 1985. In the last few years, however, aluminum can companies have faced intense disceptation from flexible bottle makers. As soft drink companies began to realize that customers valued the way a product looked and felt, and were willing to pay more to get these attributes, they increased their utilization of the more profitable single serve plastic bottles.Brian W. Sturgell, Executive Vice President of the aluminum can maker Alcan, observes that the soft drink companies sell 20 ounces in plastic bottles for a buck, while you can buy a 12-pack of cans for $2.39 . . . Its an amazing profitability gap (Baker Harris, 97108). In wake of these developments, aluminum can makers are attempting to stay competitive and grow their market shares by rethinking their plain looking cans. They are exper imenting with new shapes, new feel, and reclosable lids for their cans. Redesigning the cans along these lines will not be easy, however, because the can makers have to invest in research and development to over number the technicalchallenges involved, even as competition forces them to hold or lower their prices. See Table 8 for soft drink container marketshares.Table 8 Soft Drink Container Market Shares (%) (Gallons of SoftSubstitute ProductsHealth and fitness concerns, as well as an increasing appetite for something new and different, have resulted in a flurry of alternative beverage product introductions in the U.S. market. For example, 3524 new products were introduced in 1996 compared to 1540 new products introduced in 1986 (Beverage Industry, 3/9753). The range of new products introduced include cold coffees, caffeinated and flavored water, carbonated flavored milk, fruit and vegetable juice blends, caffeinated orange juice, micro-brewed root beer, and alternative lifestyle p roducts such as anise-based drinks blended with vanilla and other extracts and cinnamon-based beverages flavored with garlic and cayenne pepper. Table 9 shows the sales volume for new beverages between 1990 and 1996, and Table 10 compares the sales of new beverages with soft drink sales. Although some soft drink companies have their own alternative beverage operations, the rapid growth of alternative beverages brings forth many new companiesincluding Starbucks, Campbell Soups, Tropicana, and Quaker Oatsthat soft drink makers need to contend with.TRENDSGeneral EconomyThe annual gross domestic product growth in the U.S. averaged 2.32% between 1991 and 1995. During the same 1991-95 period, inflation in the U.S., measured by the consumer price index, averaged 3.19%, and the add interest rate charged by U.S. banks on loans to prime customers averaged 7.34%. Table 13 summarizes these numbers and also provides corresponding numbers for two earlier five-year periods. Table 14 provides key economic indicators for twenty other countries of the world.TechnologyAdvances in technology have improved all aspects of the soft drink industry. For example, advances in additives such as sugarless sweeteners, caffeine free products, and new flavorings have enabled the industry to provide products that meet changing customer tastes and preferences. Computerized manufacturing technologies have contributed to higher efficiency and quality in bottling operations. Computerized systems can now be used to measure key aspects of beverage production such as syrup usage, Brix count (per cent sugar), and beverage carbonation (Sawinski, 1995552-553). Advances in logistics and information technology are helping companies enjoy better inventory control, faster truck check-in and check-out, better stock rotation at the warehouse, and reach truckload errors (Sawinski, 1995552-553).Technological advances have also helped the sales end of the business. The so-called smart vending machines use ele ctronic components to track sales patterns, stocks, and equipment breakdowns. When equipped with radiocommunications software, these machines can also automatically reorder stock, eliminating the need for manual stock checks. Faster fountain dispensers are also being developed to better serve customers on the go. Another innovation that could upset the business is the self-chilling can developed by The Joseph Company (Dawson, 9774-78). The technology for this product involves mounting a small aerosol can filled with pressurized liquid refrigerant upside down in a 500-ml beverage can, leaving room for 330 ml of beverage.The aerosol valve head and the activator button is located at the seat of the can. When the activator button is pushed, the liquid refrigerant draws heat from the warm beverage and escapes out as gas through the valve in the cans base. In the process, the temperature of the beverage drops by 30F in 120 seconds. This product would eliminate the need for refrigeratio n and is slated for commercial introduction in the last quarter of 1997. Initially targeted to the high-convenience sector of the U.S. market, the self-chilling can could eventually help soft drink companies overcome refrigeration problems faced in emerging country markets.PoliticalMany countries that were once inaccessible to foreign companies are opening up their markets. Countries that have undecided their markets in recent times include China, India, and Indonesia, which together account for nearly half of the worlds population. These countries also have among the lowest per capita soft drink consumption levels in the world. While the mere opening of these markets does not chequer success for multinational soft drink companies, they do provide an opportunity previously unavailable to them. achievement in such new markets will depend on learning to operate in non-homogeneous cultures, managing political and currency risks, and overcoming infrastructural problems.Regulative En vironmentThe soft drink industry is subject to a range of government regulations. In particular, regulations in two scene of actions are noteworthy. First, as a foodproduct, soft drinks come under the purview of the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. and corresponding regulative bodies overseas. The FDA, for example, tests and certifies new ingredients such as high-intensity sweeteners before they are allowed to be used in soft drink production. The second area of regulation that is of particular interest to the soft drink industry relates to the natural environment. The impact of soft drink packaging materials on the natural environment has been one of the most important issues in this respect.In the U.S., in response to public concerns, there has been a series of legislative activity at both the federal and state levels (Beverage World DataBank, 1997213-226). While individual proposals may differ in some respects, most federal legislative proposals address one or more of the following objectives (1) Minimize the quantity of packaging material entering the nations solid waste system (2) minimize the consumption of scarce natural resources (3) maximize the cycle and reuse of packaging materials and (4) protect human health and the natural environment from adverse effects associated with the administration of packaging materials. In addition to the federal efforts in this regard, many states have adopted laws to govern packaging materials.Fifty-one states enforce laws dealing with litter control and prevention and administer recycling and public cognizance programs. Nine states have adopted deposit laws for beverage containers, and twenty-seven states place restrictions on multi-pack common carrier materials. The multi-pack carrier restrictions require that the plastic ring carriers be made of degradable material that decomposes when discarded. Also, thirty-eight states have laws that regulate the sale of beverage containers with detachable metal pu ll tabs. In most of these thirty-eight states, it is unlawful to sell a beverage in a container designed with a detachable metal opening device.In a demonstration of social responsibility, the major players in the soft drink industry and the national soft drink association have joined the Environmental Protection Agencys voluntary program WasteWi$e (Beverage Industry, 9/9739-41). The program requires members to commit to implementing/expanding their waste reduction programs in three areaswasteprevention, recycling, and purchasing or manufacturing recycled products. A learn member of the program, Coca-Cola Co. recycled more than 1.2 million pounds of corrugated paper and other recyclables in 1995. Coca-Cola Co. also purchased $2 million in recycled content materials. PepsiCo has made modifications to its soda cans and the containers that transport them. For example, PepsiCo has replaced single-use corrugated transport containers with reusable plastic cases for its 1-liter and 20 oun ce packages, eliminating 196 million pounds of corrugated material in the process.