Marks of an Educated Person Essay Example for Free

Marks of an Educated Person EssayHolmes describes a crowing humanistic discipline reading as providing an opportunity to steward life more effectively by becoming more fully a human person in the jut out of God. (The Idea of a Christian College, Pg. 36.) The liberal arts that include subjects such as language, history, speech, philosophy etc. help in making the student a more complete person. Every student approaches learning with a subjective view based on his or her background, beliefs and opinions.A Christian liberal arts education teaches the Christian how to be in this world however not of this world (II Cor. 103) It not only addresses the practical aspects of educating for the purpose of passage and employment, but it too offers Biblical concepts that help develop the spirit filled and spirit lead life. This adds depth to the liberal arts student that can be use to the Christians witness to the world.The liberal arts education must encompass a broad range of subject matter regardless of the career field. Holmes offer examples such as the healthcare field. Because wellness involves physical as well as mental and emotional and is influenced by such factors as environment and the human spirit, the physician would, according to Holmes benefit from such studies as psychology, sociology in addition to the medical studies. A students depth of understanding is unfree on their concepts of communication and speech. For the student to fully integrate their knowledge base they must have basic communication skills. What does the word mean? The Christian liberal arts college incorporates all of these areas into a comprehensive education plan that not only helps to prepare the student to make positive career choices but it also enables the student to broaden his or her spiritual experience as his life witnesses to the world around him.In a world whose values vacillate with any(prenominal) is the popular ideology of the day, a Christian liberal arts program helps the student to build on a foundation anchored by Gods Word. As previously stated, we are able to be in this world but not of this world.

The Burkean Parlor Essay Example for Free

The Burkean Parlor EssayIn an ideal world, a Burkean Parlor writing center, whether the collaborative attribute or in its own staring(a) or hybrid run should be capable of seamlessly merging with the control kind and even harmlessly synthesized with the reposition and attic models. In contrast with the pure Storehouse and Garret models, or the individual and the exterior genre, a Burkean Parlor is dreamed to be an open-ended friendship center where there is individuality of the genius as there are collaborative experience processes. It can also be the interior type blending perfectly closely with its own anti-thesis the Storehouse exterior concept.This is the vernal hybrid Burkean Parlor writing center a composite of the Storehouse and the Garret models metamorphosing some(prenominal) as a collaborative and control knowledge center. The knowledge and writing center as envisioned here recognizes and anticipates the varying needs and psyche of the scholar. The origina l pragmatic and philosophical needs of the writers everywhere demand the most motivating atmosphere that will encourage a spontaneous, prolific and imaginative ladder of creativity. This flow of knowledge, although extremely fluid as it is rigid, demands a new form of writing center.Call it a hybrid Burkean Parlor or a new form of intellectual hub where every genius can be his own individual or in collaboration as well as in guard as a control button where knowledge can be both sourced internally and externally. This neo-Burkean Parlor can be ideally called the Hub. Andrea Lunsford would be delighted to join it as she must admit that in the scheme of linearity, her Burkean model could be slowly being rendered redundant and restrictive the way it did with the Storehouse and Garret models.It is as open as any knowledge center and can be as private as a virtual online writing domain. The Hub recognizes the dissimilar forces inside the universe that creates or brings knowledge const ructs to those who be accrue congruent with the forces that make writers write well and thinkers think well. The Hub in any university is the brain as well as the heart of the intellectual interfacing with the school community or anyone who happens to exude the radio frequency of the Hub.It is the former student lounge as well as the internet cafe with unwrap the walls that divide the knowledge of the elite or the masa, the common man. It is equipped with the latest communication gadgets and circuitry that shames the traditional classroom in fact, the Hub is the reason to come to school (Glasser. 1990). Its emptiness is a reason to move out of the school to find another Hub elsewhere. In the Hub, one can commune with oneself and bring out the most intriguing electronic autobiography for every one to read and develop a sense of belonging.As most schools turn to exclusivity, the Hub recognizes no finical talents it is an inclusive school only for those with a clean heart to write an d the need to discover knowledge without the academic compulsion to do so. Freedom is the distributive atmosphere, but discipline is sharp and vigilance foremost. Here, order is non- come throughent but the Hub is not chaotic. The Hub graduates students as many times as the students want, as well as it elevates writers to the attached level of knowledge and writing. The Hub would look like heaven on earth.Each one talks the same language despite the highly diverse backgrounds with for each one move and gesture of the writer giving a message of peace and quiet to allow knowledge and scholarly work to evolve in pure immaculate fashion plagiarism free. The place is a real hub teachers freely imparting knowledge and learners interfacing with other learners to collaborate and accumulate knowledge from deep down and without. It is liberty without the control and there is control without the pressure. New learners develop as they are inspired by the oneness in the Hub.While there ar e many voices, there is only one song sung in the Hub creative writing? The Hub would hire only people who believe in the richness of culture, the phenomenon of collaboration, the variedness of the sources of knowledge whether the internal Garret type or the Storehouse kind. Here, the manager is the chief motivator, the philosopher of the writing center and the only person therein who can write the vanquish about the smallest thing on earth and lead the reader to strongly believe that it is the biggest thing on earth. Lunsford would have loved the place to tickle her into creating the new Burkean Parlor once more.Inside the Hub, the students would be taught on stabilizing ethics even in the most trying times on critical cerebration without the excesses of rhetorics writing skills that can move the heart to tears and chuckles no end and, an on sustaining an imaginative mind to create a peaceful written or online virtual world where the ideal is just a pen stroke away. The lessons here are endless and borderless. Everyone is welcome to be one among them. It is a university within a university. No encroachment here only an existence arising out of anothers existence a university creating another university a university that has not woolly-headed its soul.(Lewis, 2006) The Hub will make sure that students are guided into maturity and wisdom without the painful experiences of everyday life. For them, life is both pain and pleasure and one cannot exist without the other. Acceptance here is academic, hence pain is predictable but bearable, but it becomes truly excruciating as he beings to write. Here, the students are given a incumbrance of life itself, and the crossroads available to each. Everything is there the experiences, all of them, at the push of a button. The student is given the rare experiences of his lifetime in physical as well as virtual realities.Inside the Hub, there is no difference between virtual pain and physical pain. Both are felt. The writ ers and knowledge worker in the Hub learns to be surprised at his own writing skill able to grapple with the exact word and the best adjective fit for the scenario. Indeed, the Hub is a writers paradise where awareness (Clark, 2002) is knowledge itself It would not be difficult to relate to the students because the Hub creates the mood for the writer. Anyone can come at any phase of the activity within without feeling like a stranger and still come out with all the stories that abound. List of ReferencesLewis, H. R. Excellence without a soul How a great university forgot education. raw York, Perseus Books, 2006. Glasser, W. , The quality school Managing students without coercion. New York, harpist and Row Publishers. 1990. Clark, R.. Global awareness thinking systematically about the world. New York. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. , 2002. Glasser, W. The quality school Managing students without coercion, New York Harper Row Publishers, Inc. 1990. Villa, R. , Thosuand, J.. Creating an inclusive school, Alexandria, Virginia, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1995.

Binge Drinking in the UK: Causes and Effects | Essay

Binge Drinking in the UK Causes and Effects EssayDrinking ourselves to death?This show will look into the question as to whether we atomic spell 18 a commonwealth that is on the verge of inebriety ourselves to death, despite the invariably increasing wellness warnings raised by the politics and the National health Service, or so the consequences of consuming also much alcoholic beverage. A vast majority of individuals still seem to be regularly bust imbibition with unwrap thinking slightly the devastating damage that they are doing to their bodies. It will alike examine the ever demanding be of alcohol re newd incidents that the National Health Service demand to deal with upon a daily basis. It will look at the alcohol strategies made by both the Labour government in 2004 and the Conservative government in 2010, to help tackle the problems tie in to alcohol. Further more than I will look to evaluate whether the current alcohol policies proposed by the reach govern ment are helping to tackle the ever increasing problems related to binge drinking. It will also examine the tricks that the media use to try and persuade individuals to decimate an unsafe amount of alcohol. Along with shocking evidence that a unit of alcohol is unbelievably cheaper that a nursing bottle of waterThe first section of this essay will discuss the current problems relating to binge drinking. Secondly I will look to evaluate as to whether the policies that declare been enforce by the Labour government and Conservative government are actually helping to resolve the problems, caused by individuals choosing to consume considerable amounts of alcohol. third I will expose the tricks that the supermarkets and media use in order to encourage individuals to consume unsafe amounts of alcohol. Along with this I will add some recent research conducted by myself to find emerge about the unit price of a number of different wines and spirits. The last section of this essays will di scuss as to whether I believe the current binge drinking problem has spiralled out of control. Plus if the government has in circumstance left the long list of consequences attributable to alcohol related accidents and violence, far too late to tackle.Firstly the main point to be raised about the irresponsible drinking habits of individuals in Britain. Are they young adults who choose to pre-drink before going out clubbing, sometimes these young individuals git be under the drinking age? Or young individuals who are choosing to drink more than the recommend safe amount. The nation seems to have an irresponsible relationship with alcohol consumption, which leads to individuals choosing to binge drink as the result. The true reality of the impact of the nations irresponsible drinking habits can be highlighted in research, which was conducted by The Home Office in 2010. It is estimated that in a community of 100,000 people each year 2,000 people will be admitted to hospital with an al cohol related condition. A 1,000 people will be victims of alcohol related violent crimes. Over 3,000 will be binge drinking. (Drugs and alcoholic drink Unit, 2012 6) Sadly those who choose to drink to the extent w here(predicate) they became paralytic are often the ones, who end up implying medical treatment.Moreover it is the Accident and Emergency departments throughout Britain that are consistently clogged, mainly at night, with individuals that have been injured or have become ill due to the result of excessive alcohol consumption. The Police also have to deal with individuals that choose to repeatedly drink irresponsibly. It is believed that at peak times 70% of all admissions to Accident and Emergency are in fact alcohol related ( footlocker Office, 2004 9).This means that there is ever increasing pressure being put upon these services trying to deal with real emergencies. The Labour giving medication calculate the cost of the health service treating alcohol misuse to be 1 .7 billion per annum (Cabinet Office, 2004 12). Clearly there is a number of points to be raised about individuals irresponsible attitudes when it comes to alcohol consumption. Furthermore the admissions to hospital because of alcohol related violence and accidents could in fact start to rapidly increase. In a report by the Home Office, almost two million people more than six percent of men and two percent of women, were consuming more than what is regarded as the safe level of alcohol. (Baggot, 2004 203) What these individuals do not realise is that by drinking alcohol to the extent they do, may causing them to develop extreme health complications in the future. They could develop kidney failure, liver damage and a number of different forms of cancer.Secondly this section will look to identity some of the policies the government have imposed in order to tackle the nations irresponsible drinking. Before the government can introduce a new set of policies they need to identify the ai ms. Moreover, in order to justify a national alcohol policy there needs to be an acceptance that alcohol has a complex effect upon society as a whole and that in the engagement of the public good there is a need to combine the regulation of alcohol use with actions to attenuate the actual or potential consequences (Ratistrick, Hodgson and Ritson, 1999 19). In order to impose a new set of policies the government needs to consider a number of different circumstances, as to which interventions will work to prevent the current problem. The government may consider imposing a set of polices within the interest of protecting the basic rights of individuals, whilst considering the overall safety of the public. Sometimes governments can make mistakes. The shocking decision that was made in 2000 when the Labour government, introduced plans to alter the licensing laws proposing a spectacular relaxation in those provisions covering hours of sale in England and Wales(Baggot,2000 206). Probably one of the biggest mistakes that any government has made regarding the effects it has had upon increased binge drinking and consequently public health.On the other authorize the current government has imposed some ambitions that they believe will help curb the problem with the nations irresponsible drinking habits. They have three main ambitions these include, a change in behaviour so that people think it is not satisfactory to drink in ways that could cause harm to themselves or other. Along with a reduction in the amount of alcohol fuelled violent crime and a reduction in the number of adults drinking above the NHS guidelines (Drugs and Alcohol Unit, 2012 5). there has been slight improvements in the reduction of alcohol fuelled violent crimes when Police Forces have imposed alcohol removal zones in certain towns and cities. Where any individual caught with alcohol in these areas will have it removed. Although this scheme seems to be working to reduce the number of crimes occur ring due to alcohol, the same cannot to be said for the majority of the country. Recently the Home Office have introduced a series of posters highlighting the problem of drinking too much alcohol too early. They hoped that the posters would highlight that drinking before going out clubbing, can cause you to become ill and miss out on the fun later on. hitherto it seems that the message is not getting through. There are still many individuals choosing to drink above the recommend safe guidelines.Thirdly the media maybe one of the contributing factors to the nations binge drinking. With a constant stream of adverts that show individuals enjoying alcohol in a number of different social situations. There seems to be a cultural representation of the drinking mirror society in a way that shapes and reinforces the public discourse on alcohol related problems. (Ratistrick, Hodgson and Ritson, 1999 145) However not all the blame can be put upon the media. Supermarkets and independent shops are just as much to blame, by advertising ever increasingly cheap deals. Whether the deals be three boxes of beer for 21 or two bottles of wine for 10. They are still encouraging purchases of a vast amount of alcohol. Pubs and clubs may also be blamed for the ever increasing spiralling out of control of the binge drinking nation. Pubs and clubs sometimes have deals on certain spirits or beers. Some clubs even advertise cheap entry and cheap drink deals to lure individuals into drinking vast amounts of alcohol. On the other hand the argument here is that some young people do not seem to worry about what binge drinking does to themselves or others. (Wechsler and Wuethrich, 2002 157)Furthermore some health professionals have argued that there needs to be a stricter unit price. The Conservative Government did state that they were going to impose a minimum unit price of 50p, notwithstanding this is yet to come into force. After conducting some research of my own on Monday 3 rd. February 2014 it came back with some surprising results. In order to work out the unit price, an individual needs to divide the price by the number of units. For example a 4.99 bottle of wine has 9.8 units, meaning each unit costs 50p, along with 1.93 bottle of cider has 10.6 units , meaning that each unit costs 18p. Shockingly a unit of alcohol costs less than a bottle of water at 1.00 or a packet of chocolate at 70p.Lastly in this essay I have researched as to whether the nation is in fact drinking itself to death. Firstly the fact that it costs the National Health Service 1.7 billion in order to treat incidents related to alcohol is shocking. However as highlighted in the third section of this essay the government has imposed some policies to try and tackle the binge drinking problem. Although some of these policies seem to be helping to reduce the problem slightly, others seem to be having the reserve effect. Moreover it is clear that there should be a reduction of the licensing laws. On the other hand perhaps imposing that minimum unit price of 50p may help to reduce the current binge drinking culture.BibliographyBaggot. R, 2000, Public Health Policy and Politics, Hampshire, PalgraveCabinet Office, Strategy Unit, 2004, Alcohol Harm and Reduction Strategy, H.R.S.O, LondonDrugs and Alcohol Unit, 2012, The Governments Alcohol Strategy, London, Home OfficeRatistrick. D, Hodgson. R and Ritson, 1999, Tackling alcohol Together the recite Base of a UK policy, London, Frist Association BooksWechsler H and Wuethrich, 2002,Dying to drink confronting Binge drinking on college campuses USA, St. Martins Press

Documentary Analysis Of Control Room

Documentary Analysis Of Control meansIn March 2003, American and British forces invaded Iraq with the intention to overthrow the regime of the dictator Saddam Hussein, and the disconnect War erupts. The countless armament troops and thousands of journalists from each around the world, descend upon the region in order to secure potential news coverage.Truth in conclusion finds its way to peoples eyes and ears and hearts. This is the sentence, uttered by Secretary of Defence Donald H. Rumsfeld, and is heard midway through Control Room Jahane Noujaims bristling accusative slightly Al Jazeera, the artificial sa severaliseite news ne dickensrk during the war. You can only hope that Mr. Rumsfeld is right, though his words inevitably c all to mind the proverb, that in war, truth is the first casualty. (Scott, 2004 commondreams.com).Jehane Noujaims Control Room an another(prenominal) high profile entrant in the current sweepstakes of anti-Bush, anti- imperialist documentaries. As in her Start up.com, Noujaim focuses less on abstract issues and more on the personalities of the players as they react to events taking place. She was born and raised in Egypt before moving to America and that is probably one of the reasons of her unusual access and trust on both sides.Al- Jazeera (one of the or so popular pedigree in the Middle East with over 40 million Arab viewers) was launched in 1996. This observational documentary records the wide pose of opinions that surrounds the Qatar tele day-dream news network during Iraq invasion.Turning up at the stations headquarters in Qatar, Noujaim got to know reporter Hassan Ibrahim and senior producer Sameer Khadar, both from Al- Jazeera channel network, whose sympathy to her project enabled its success.Most of the ordinary people including journalists, who come into view in the documentary ask are doubtful, to say the least of the Bush administrations policies, nevertheless they also stick to a journalistic ethic of objectivi ty and fairness, trying to navigate mingled with their political allegiances and the code of their craft. (Walters, New York Times 2004)This particular documentary film is made of conversations of journalists and different people involved in the news industry. Though thither are shots of dead civilians and bombardments with meat corpses, it is not the main cogitation in the film. The main subject is the real documentary shots showing people, journalists and their reaction to the events, their conversations and their actions. The shots of innocent Iraqi civilians being killed wreak the viewer feel very sick for everything that is happening to them and their families. Therefore, the complete documentary film represents American military troops in the cruel and very devil light.An Observational documentary sensory system This film uses a fly on the wall technique to observe the Al Jazeera journalists (and other media organisations) as they record stories and interact with the U.S. military media spokespersons. The main commentator in the name of Al Jazeera is the senior producer Sameer Khader. Conversation between the two organizations, which are Al Jazeera and US Central Command, is embodied in the interview between two individuals Hassan Ibrahim and the American press officer Lt. Rushing. Their conversations focus around conflict and the reason of the war, agendas and images and privy to many debates about neutrality and objectivity.In the observational documentary, the camera cluster is not normally seen. The people who are being filmed are meant to forget, that the camera crew is there, this is aimed to give to the audience a slice of reality. (Predovnik, 2009 http/socio-political-documentaries. suite)The observational mode (as technology advanced by the 1960s and cameras became smaller and lighter, able to document life in a less intrusive manner, there is less envision required over lighting etc, leaving the social actors free to act and the document aries free to record without interacting with each other). (www.mediaknowall.com/Documentary/definitions.htm)Despite being seen as the most direct form of a documentary film, there are a number of problems inherent in the genre, which has caused to be viewed with some suspicion. One of the main problems centres on the extent to which verite can be seen as offering a real or true picture of the subject it is involved in. Lukacs, for example has claimed that the cameras attention to the here and now is an inadequate mode of knowing. Events and objects are all caught in process of change and networks of causal relations that require representation, if the true story is to be understood. Lukacs claim, besides that the extensive totality of reality is beyond the scope of any artistic creation. In short, he is implying that verite is incapable of offering a true picture of its subject, because as an approach to documentary it is so limited in its scope. (Praxis international issue 1/1986 p 82-94)Within the context of this piece of work, I am expiry to look on how editing can and does affect my documentary film. Editing can be defined as the art of being able to tell a story by connecting a series of shots together to make a sequence and thereby having a series of shots put together make a whole film. When editing is done well, it creates a continuity of sequence, which can make the film interesting and watchable.The way in which the camera is used, its many movements and angels of vision in relation to the object being photographed, the speed in which it reproduces actions and the very appearance of person and things before it, are governed by the many ways in which editing is fulfilled. (Rotha, 196679)In this particular documentary film, I have focused on the details of the opening scenes in the different aspects, whether it is a sound, camera angels or emotional influences, and if to pay attention, it is easy to see and understand the scenes and the way that the director expresses the key moments by using very sad music, dialogues and actions. Dialogues between the journalists and some other people related to the war story within the film are very crucial and important in order to follow the story. Those conversations give you a brief explanation of what is going on and who is probably the victim in the story. However, director of the film knew how to send a message to the viewer and most of all what kind of message, by finishing it all with a very clever and very provocative angle of editing in this film.There are two scenes in this film, which I would like to highlight. One of them is when, on the fifteenths minute of the documentary, the director has showed us the archive footage of ordinary, unarmed, innocent people being humiliated and attacked by the U.S military troops right in their houses. The second scene, when the statue of Saddam Hussein being removed on the square and when people shown to us, are very cheerful about it, in my opinion, gives a very strong evidence of what director was trying to say in this documentary. Most importantly, when several journalists give us their thoughts and views about the moment, when this is all happening on the square, is vital for the whole structure of the film. That is probably, the essential part in order to understand and make your own truth about this documentary film.By the end of Control Room documentary, viewers make their own conclusion. In fact, in this documentary, we have been given a truth, which every whizz viewer will decide for him/her self. We are also presented with filmic evidence, in which Al Jazeera is keen to show both sides of an argument and engage in lots of discussions, including the airing of an American perspective. In my view, the editing of the shots and conversations, along with interviews, wounded pictures of children, played a key role in this documentary.

Spatial Spread Of Multinational Corporation Economics Essay

Spatial Spread Of Multinational Corporation Economics screenAs chapiter accumulates, the situation of the worker be his payment amply or low, must grow worse.It makes the accululation of misery a needed condition, comparable to the accumulation of wealth. Marx Capital Vol I. change magnitude movement of peachy cushioned by innovation in technology and communication characteristic of contemporary worldwideization has modify mode of production as easy as the organization of production. This footloose character of projection and capital has given rise to what is termed as internationalization of contestation and international division of force back. It is in thos context that Multinational companies amaze be surveil one of the major progenitors that start disclose taken advantage of economic restructuring and the opportunities made mathematical by rise of regionalism, free trade stilld by institutions much(prenominal) as WTO and the opening up of financial, resources a nd labor market places. The changing role of national governments from initiators to facilitators of growth has furthered this form. This process has had both winners and as well as losers.The economic lib eralism attri scarcees spreading of knowledge, technology and expertise to this spatial spread. MNCs collect to their sheer size be able to usurp economies of scale and argon to a fault characterized by efficiency in their modus operandi. Making available numerous exercising opportunities in the host country is another device characteristic highlighted. On the other top atomic number 18 the critics who be skeptical of the nature of employment generation and welfare of workers. The footloose character of capital has enabled wiretapation of bodacious labor placed in developing countries that has given rise to proliferation of unorganized arena without social certification net.The institution of free trade policies and structural adaptation programmes by the IMF, Worl d Bank and WTO has goed in highly unequal integration of economies over the world. The African cycle of debt, the Latin American and eastside Asian crisis due to the volatility nature of financial flows has affected labor in many of these countries. (Rhys, Jenkins 2004).Primary products which constituted a major portion of the exports of LDCs faced deteriorating terms of trade. For example in 1980s under the prescription of IMF and World Bank opening of economies led to a spurt in export of coffee exports but later discourage markets due to overproduction rendering 25 one thousand million coffee planters growers (Thomas, 2008). Although developing countries have managed to diversify in manufacturing and services, the nature of work has limited value added in the production chain (assembly line production).Feminization of labor characterized by long working hours and meager wages has been one of the outcomes. The scourge across the globe in search for lavish renewable as well no nrenewable resources has often led displacement of people from their homes. This has often resulted in what Michael Cernea has outlines the impoverishment risk as a result of this tendency landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, food insecurity, change magnitude morbidty and mortality, loss of access to joint property resource and services and social disarticulation. (Cernea, Michael 1985) Other issues concern nearly the loss of sovereignty due to their the massive profit that is pumped into the host economy due to which governments of host countries make all possible provisions to attract Multinational Corporation. Governments are losing their ability to bargain with MNCs where national government autonomy is constrained by world-wideization.It is argued that intrusion of MNC depends on the way countries, firms and citizens tripicipate in the spheric economy. (Mosley 2011). Clarke (1985) points out that MNCs have a stabilizing and destabilizing effect depending on the char acter of corporation, the region, the nature of venture and establishment itself.The above discussion reveals the different threads to look into the impact of MNC in the wake of contemporary globalization. The following paper is an attempt to examine the impact on local spaces due to the spread of MNCs globally. I have used convey of space not just in terms of its concrete sense but also the occupational mobility of labor which inclusive of their well being.Multinationals A diachronic BackgroundMultinational companies have been crudely defined as having oranisational presence in two or more national jurisdictions (Buckley and Ghauri, 2000). Glenn Morgan (2004) tries to trace out the write up of origin of multinational corporations beginning in the late 17th and early 18th century like the East India Trading Company. Global trading operations started with as they started enthronisation abroad and setting up of subsidiaries outside the home country. Thus it started out as portfo lio investment and later there was development of foreign adopt Investment (FDI). Companies associate to agriculture, excavation and oil were the prominent one. Royal Dutch Shell, British Petroleum, Standard Oil and its successors, British amercan Tobacco, Rio Tinto, Dunlop, Lever Bros and Tate and Lyle. There was also change magnitude internationalization of manufacturing . eg Scottish thread manufacturer J.P coats, UK companies like Courtaulds, Nobel, Vickers and Pilkingtons. The japanese, German and French began in late 1980s.(Morgan556). The FDI flows took place mainly between developed economies and also towards East Asia and Latin American economies. The flows were related to manufacturing and services. Even developing economies have entered this foray chinaware, India, Phillipines, Thailand, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, South Africa and Egypt. Eg Chinese Lenvo that now owns the IBM pc brand, Indian Tata has taken over corus, Marcopolo (Brazilian company) that sells in more than 80 countries to name a few. (World Investment Report, 2006). China, India and Brazil are the sought after destinations for inflow of FDI (World Investment Report,2011).Nature of OperationMNCs internal operations have been described as sophisticated decision devising, complex ownership strategies. Initially firms were vertically as well as horizontally integrated. However with globalization the cost of such integration became apparent and hence came the adoption of subcontracting and franchise sale. There was increase in joint venture and acquisition activities. cost impelling measure was adopted in an environment of increased competition. There was establishment of a networked operation with the help of technological convergence. According to a survey conducted pencil lead factors influencing location of effort have been shown in table 1.Table 1 address World Investment report 2011This operation has resulted in global diffusion of knowledge that has enabled outsourcing, m ass customization and deduplication. (Pervez and Ghari , 2000). Market servicing strategy involves ownership and location strategies where functions can be differentially localized. There has also been strategy of creating hubs that provides near markets and fall in source of information. If one market declines production can be switched to other markets provided the shocks affecting the national markets are independent and hub provides gains that scarce firms can achieve. (ibid87). There has also been an establishment of global commodity chains buyer getn dominated by retailors and brand names producer driven chains dominated by monopolies and Oligopolies. (Rodriguez 1986)Jill Rubbery points out the change in employment system from fordist to post fordist systems increased flexilbalisation of labor. The fordist model was characterized by standard employment contracts, hierarchical pay and standard working hours, labor acting as subordinate labor within the organization. This wa s established through trade union and collective organization backed by proper legislations and regulations. In case of post fordist employment structure there exists flatter hierarchies, flexible and extended working hours with diversity of employment contracts. 1980s and nineties increased flexibility in labor hiring with the policy of hire and fire and proliferation of the light orbit. The flexible firm model (Atkinson 1984) was to provide firms with the segmentation of labor with experts in core areas given job security while those at the periphery performing un versatile jobs to be employed on flexible basis. This inturn has led to restructuring of labor supply. There has been an increased feminization of labor. They are segregated to specific occupations in the entire process of production as a part of flexible part time jobs.Morgan Glenn 2004, has tried to outline the approaches to study the nature of operations of MNC into hegemonic, hybridization and transnationalization . The first looked into how MNCs replicated their home based practices in the host country, the second approach looked into methods by which MNCs adopt and innovate according to host conditions, lastly translation provides an understanding of the internationalization of firms through embeddeddness in the local institutional context and standarisation and control from the headquarters. Ibid 566. encounter on SpaceThe critiques of spatial spread of MNC often relate it to the spread of capitalism and neoliberlaism. Works of Harvey, Sapna Banerjee Guha, Manuel Castell, colony views tip in this direction. Harvey (2000) talks or so a spatial fix referring to the over accumulation of capital along with creation of uneven spaces. In other words spatial fix refers to the restructuring of spaces in a globalised world that has resulted in uneven development.Physical displacement and Impact on livelihood of the evicteesOne of the notable examples in this context is the construction of industr ies by MNCs in the tribal belts of India in the name of development that has induced displacement. This industrial fervor has sidelined the real ends in favor of capital accumulation and double digit growth. Increased privatization is seen as a method of catching up with the developed economies by increasing efficiency un accounting the adverse impacts on local spaces. An estimated 40 million have been displaced since 1950 due to development projects of which 40% are adivasis and 25 % dalits, 75% are still awaiting compensation with deplorable plight of those without patta or land tittle. about 70% of the total Indian population depends on agriculture for lively hood, burgeoning culture of SEZ (special economic zones) has created space on scarce land at the uniform time reduced occupational mobility of labor forcing him to sell his labor for meager wages in the absence of self owned means of production. Marginal and low-down farmers which constitute a majority of the awkward pop ulation become helpless and tend to migrate to cities in search of jobs. Very often they are wrapped into the urban informal sector or rendered jobless reducing their sources of lively hood options. Further absence of labor legislations has forced labor to work in precarious conditions where they are subjected to hire and fire policy. Prior to SEZ act 2005 , there were 1143 units employing over 1.7 lakh persons, private investment was around Rs. 5626.24 crore, the current investment is around Rs. 83450 core employing 113426 persons. (Banerjee, 2008)There is heightened economic insecurity with displacement as the personal disposable income of the write more family is reduced. As mentioned above most rural households are engaged in agricultural activities who depend on land for livelihood. Once displaced they are left with very limited options particularly when they are not employ by the company that has displaced them un the first place. Men usually end up migrating to cities while the woman are left behind. Women in such conditions face high heightened insecurity and lack of work. close to tribals are engaged in forest related livelihood activities such as brush making, minor forest produce, bidi making, broom making and others. But with construction of factories and loss of forest area they are left with no source of income which often results in casualisation of labor. From a survey conducted in RR colony (2009) constructed by Vedanta in Jharasguda regul boot out in Orissa prior to displacement main livelihood activity was paddy cultivation and kitchen gardening. Displacement and loss of agricultural land has halted all agricultural practices. As a result the displaced have to buy food which becomes an extra strain on the family expenditure. Other primary activities such as domestication of animals is also limited due to neighborhood problems. Similar cases were found in another resettlement colony constructed by Bhusan at Thelkoloi, Sambalpur district of Orissa. Bidi and Broom making was no longer practiced due to absence of forest are and subsitance farming lost with acquisition.This shrinking can also be conceptualized in terms of their reduced opportunities for well being in in the face of limited choices.There is loss in terms of access to common property resources which inturn puts pressure on their budget due to limited availability of fuel wood, fodder, minor forest produce and water.There is often problem related to lack of sanitation and health . Very often resettlement colonies are built near factories spreading all harmful industrial affluents that could be a cause of serious health concern for the residents. Problem related to defecating, bathing become limpid especially for women as they have to fix timings for such conception which was the case before displacement.Communities in rural areas live in a close knit society where social networks act as support systems in offering services such as child care, economic a ssistance, protection, information, sickness in times of crisis and need (Parsuraman, 1993). With the displacement of the entire village community fragments with dislocation of social networks.In the absence of Resettlement and Rehabilitation act displaced groups become more vulnerable. In addition the RR policies fail to look into gender aspects coalesced with aged environment further shrinks economic and social spaces of displaced women.Major multinational companies expected to engage in mining activities in India include Rio tinto (U.K), BHP (Australia), Alcan (Canada), Norsk Hydro (Norway), Meridian (Canada), Debeers (South Africa), Raytheon (USA), Phepls Dodge U.S.A.The drive for exploitation of resource rich regions by private players has wrecked havoc for the residents there most effected being the tribals. This situation is not just in India but other parts of the world where profits takes precedence over people. Examples include Dinka and Nuer in Sudan whose lands are be ing taken for oil mining, Mistiko lands in Nicargua for bills mining, mining on aboriginal lands in Australia, industrial plantations in tropical forests of Dayak people in Indonesia, coffee plantation on Montagards land in Vietnam, mining in North American Indian lands affecting western shohone, Quenchan Nation, Mohawk and Zuni people. (Christopher Lakra ,1999)Limiting the Opportunities of Well being of Workers.The operation of MNCs are so strategically knowing as to maximize profits at the cost of worker wellbeing. This is very well apparent in International Division of Labor that many dependency theorists conceptualized. The shrinking of the opportunities and deteriorating of standard of living is well evident in the working conditions characterizing sweat shops.International Division of LaborThe global labor force has increased from 2.74 to 3.21 (1999-2009) billion with 56.3 % located in Asia with the annual rate of increase of 1.6%. at the aforementioned(prenominal) time gl obal unemployment by 30 million (Economist Sept 15, 2010).Multinationals exploit region specific characteristics of poor countries on an international scale in the name of global production. -Guha,1996.It is important to note the nature of increased flow of capital in developing economies that creates volatile conditions which directly impact labor, impact on regional disparity, its relation with the governments of host countries and nature of employment they create. Multinationals claim that host countries would be benefitted by the entry of technology, management, capital as part and parcel of economic modernization that will further create employment opportunities. Critics on the other hand claim that the accede has become subservient to international capital, creating geographies of underdeveloped enclaves and exploitative division of labor.Spatial spread of MNC is determined by its man cater, resources, market and material. Accordingly their activities have been situated globa lly depending on the place specific opportunities that in turn has resulted in international division of labor. Chandler and Reich (1961) conceptualize the production process into three levels of activities take aim I activities that involves the decision making or the headquarters mostly situated in chief cityes of parent countries, Level II activities involves the coordination of regional activities located in the metropolis of host countries and Level III activities include lowest level day to day operations situated mostly in the regions of abundant cheap labor or resource rich areas. This divison in production process has resulted in division of labor operating in different ways in the capital and labor intensive sectors. Capital intensive skilled activities get clustered in highly unequal international space. MNCs higher engineers from Asian economies at fractional the price that they would have to pay in their home countries. As a result it decreases demand of skilled labo r in their home countries while hiring skilled manpower at low rates in host countries. In labor intensive operations has given rise to increased in formalization of labor and swelling of the unorganized sector through the strategy of subcontracting. Ettlinger has termed this as a non fordist stratedgy that involves use of both the organized and unorganized labor thus creating crises in the organized sector of both the home and host country. Eg Profits of MNCs ave increased but the employment has reduced. Between 1986-89, General Electrics employment fell from 373000 t0 292,000 while its gross increased from 42 to 55 billion dollars. AT and T reduced employment while raising its rvenue by 3 billion dollars. IBM and Fiat trudged the same path of increasing revenue but trimming jobs. Since 1980s Procter and Gamble India has diversified its activities and engaged in subcontracting hurting the organized labor in the factories. Most products of PG were now being produced by unorganized labor in Hyderabad and Mumbai as a result of which the Kalwa Plant in Mumbai closed down in 1994 making some 300 odd workers unemployed. (ibid 23). Harvey points out that there has been a significant increase in workers employed in the export and import oriented industriesthat has created global market for labor where countries compete for cheap labor and global competition that has further pushed down wages. With this has come an increase human rights violations with poor woring conditions in areas of subcontracting. tire out Conditions within this Multinational operation.More than 70 workers were found wrking in virtual slave like condtions, behind barbed wire fences, producing million dollars worth garments for retailers ike Neiman Marcus, Filenes and Montomery Ward. (New York Times, 1995) misdemeanor of labor rights takes place in the form of longer working hours, poor working conditions that has negative impact on the health and safety of workers. Reports of human rights crime from Nike supplier factories, underpayment of wages by subcontractors in Indonesia, use of child labor in production of soccer balls in Pakistan, exposure of workers to dangerous chemicals in China and Vietnam. (Mosley2011). Such sweat shop like conditions are present across the globe and women workers are worse treated. This has also resulted in increased illegal trafficking of women in a bid to escape poverty in home countries but in turn become slaves in such sweat shops. Eg trafficking of Thai women to Japan as cheap labors and are forced to work without pay till they have repaid their debts. (Human Rights watch, 2000 ). In central and South America similar sweat shops are present. In 2000 Bolivian girls were rescued out of textile factories in Buenos where they were being subjected to slave like conditions, underfed, working 19 hours and abused often. Guatemala coffee growers working on starbucks coffee plantations are underpaid. (ibid)Wal Mart has been accused for underpaymen t and poor working conditions in Chinese factories. Workers are paid a paltry $.13 an hour) (China Daily,2009). Thus, neither the U.S. government nor consumers are able to discern how bad the conditions really are. The Gap produces clothing in six factories in. cases where workers are paid as low as $.11 per hour and in Honduros Gap workers have to undergo pregnancy tests and work overtime making $4.00 a day. (Global Exchange 2000).William .P.Blade (1987) points out the problem for developing countries may not arise because MNCs are institutions of capital accumulation but when capital is diverted away from host countries. There has been increase in flow of capital towards developing countries since seventies propelled by technological advancement and neoliberal policies. According to Tinbergen report MNCs extract 50-100 billion dollars from developing coutries annually. (Guha, 1990). A notable example in this case would be the impact of financial crisis on the Asias labor market. ( Hyun et al, 2010). Exports have played a major role in the Asian success.Source World Trade organization Data Base, 2008In 2008 as consumer demand in developed economies plunged Asias exports fell sharply. China 25%, Thailand 25%, Indonesia, Malaysia and Phillipines to 26-32%. As a result many firms resorted to strip back productions through closures effecting labor and remittances flow that are major sources of income for poor households in developing countries 11% Tonga, 11 % in Phillipines and 5-10% in Bangaldesh, Srilanka, Vietnam and Mongolia.Decline in Exports of Asian EconomiesSource ibidFDI that accounts for major share of the gross fixed capital formation of Asian economies also declined in 2008. FDI is expected to contract by 30%. As a result of the economic melt down employment in key export oriented sectors as part of the regional, national and global chain have shown a decline. In China 20 million have been retrenched and force to move to rural areas. There has been a n increase in remove migration and workers. In Malaysia there has been a for fold increase in the number of layoffs. In Indonesia bulk of layoffs was reported in the textile industry exceeding 2,37,000. In case of Cambodia employment in garment sector contracted by 15% , similar was the case in Thailand.Impact on vocation (Asian Economy)SourceibidThe wallopingst change in the percentage of Unemployed has been Sin counterpaneore followed by Japan and Korea. Casual workers have been the worst effected as it is easier to lay them off in absence of proper legislations as well as absence of social security nets. This has also led to shrinking of labor market for the youths as the large number of unemployed chase for scarce jobs. Many firms are also resorting to unpaid leave however such have a negative impact on those who donot enjoy employment benefits.More and more workers are thus getting absorbed into unorganized sectors. In Indonesia the numbers in the unorganized sector swelled by 7.3% as compared to the organized sector 1.4%. in Thailand the increase was 3.2% in own account workers and 3.3% for contributing family workers while the organized employment grew only by 0.6%. The result of falling incomes has resulted in rise in poverty. More than 52 million workers live just 10% above the poverty line ($1.25 per day) while more than 40 million live above 20% above that line. (ILO, 2008). In times crises poor households often cut back on expenditures on health and education, there has also been an increase in child labor as families resort to such alternatives. The number of workers in the unorganized sector in Asian region could range between 1.1 1.2 billion (2009 figures).Decline in Exports of Asian and African LDCsILO Report, 2011The above table reveals that merchandise exports for African and Asian LDCs slumped post 2008. Despite recovery the unemployment trends have persisted both the African and Asian countries. (table below) In both regions female labo r has been more affected for Africa 7.5% and Asia 4.2% as compared to 6.3% and 3.9%.Employment in Asian and African LDCsSource ibidRole of the stateIn this entire discussion of operation of global processes one cannot escape mentioning the role of State and its response.The spatial spread of MNCs also depends on the policy of the host countries and the investment friendly environment. It is impossible for an economy to remain isolated from the rest in this era of globalized world even though the terms of engagement may not be equal. Political economy of the world has created such conditions where governments of host countries are losing out in the bargaining process with the MNCs. During the era of import substitution and protectionist policies state exercised upper hand over the bargaining process to channelize the benefits of private investment to serve development objectives. Contemporary globalization and the push for neoliberal agenda has transformed the state from a initiator to facilitator of development. Haslam 2009, outlines three approaches to study the descent between state and MNCs the irrelevance of bargaining, displacement of bargaining and maximization of bargaining. The irrelevance of bargaining implies that the state and MNCs no longer share a conflictual relationship but preferably a cooperative one. This can be seen in the adoption of more neoliberal policies and realizing the role of private players in promoting growth. The second approach talks about the displacement of bargaining from state firm towards between states during bilateral and multilateral trade where states protect the interest of the firms. Maximization approach points towards increasing bargaining power of MNCs or constraints on ability of the state to act. In Argentina till 1990 private players were virtually absent and mining was state activity, however Argentina bedraggled the state led model with passing of huge legislative reforms in 1993. Government of Catamarca province tried to increase royalties from Bajo Dela Alumbrera project (private mining company) but met with resistance. The federal official government fearing loss of investment sided with the mining company. In Chile change in power in 1973 led to privatization but it is only in nineties that Chile experienced a mining boom. There was a proposal to increase taxes but was here again it was met with stiff resistance and government had to allow the proposal. (Haslam, 2007)Lenway and Murthy (1994) on the other hand see the state as a strategist making choices between authority v/s market, communitarinism v/s individualism, political v/s economic objectives and equity v/s efficiency. (Pervez and Buckley 2000) This reveals that ability of state to bargain is highly constrained. Very often governments of host countries themselves facilitate this process. for eg In Korea labor reform introduced in 1996 that in away allowed casualization of labor along with hire and fire policy. The re action of this legalization was massive unemployment since 1966 (Tat Yan Kong, 2006). Labor market in Taiwan resulted increased competition among workers as 42 state owned enterprise were privatized. This effort of labor market liberalization falling of employment from 3.1 to 2.3%. In Vietnam introduction of Doi Moi syatem caused labor restructuring due to privatization leaving 1 million workers in the state sector unemployed between 1988 -1992. The educational gap further segmented the labor where the educated entered the state sctors and the less educated ended up in casual employment. Women were the hardest hit as work fight among women to be very high (It was 74% in 1989 that came down to 60% in 1996). They were forces to enter insecure jobs with loss of employment benefits such as maternity leave and child care provisions. ( Oudin, Xavier, 2004 ).ConclusionGiven the shrinking spaces in terms of well being of workers and spatial spread of MNC under conditions of increased glob al competition that is out to utilize cheap labor weaker state capacity and poor implementation of labor legislations are major reasons for deplorable condition of workers. This is evident from the fact that very few MNCs consider labor regulations as an obstacle towards investment in developing countries. The prescription usually advised is a spirit towards improving these conditions firstly to recognize informal sector and the various forms of jobs that come under it. Secondly there is a need to improve social security benefits of workers more than increasing productivity in such activities that would improve their standard of living. There is also an argument that legislation in developing countries are stricter but without proper employee protection. Minimum wages is one of the tools used but it must also be noted that minimum wage legislation compliance, the penalties for non adherence, whether covering the informal sector etc. employment effect of minimum wage legislation ca n actually exacerbate unorganized sector employment while having a negative impact on the organized work force as employers look more towards cost cutting.Thus there needs to be more robust alternatives in the form of social security nets cushioned with minimum wages and more importantly unorganized sector must be included. This will thus mitigate shock to labor sector in terms of crises.With regard with the issue of displacement due to construction of setting up of extractive industry there needs be proper facilities provided post displacement to the evictees. Apart from compensation proper training facilities, employment facilities in the factory as well as proper resettlement colony with provision of al basic necessity must be provided. Here the role of the state must come in to ensure that such benefits and compensation are provided. The above discussion reveals the multitude problems emerging due to increased privatization where the state also becomes a business partner rather than placing welfare as a priority. However solutions to such issues are not easy and requires further study the area of MNC State relationship in a globalized world. Globalization is a process that one cannot choose to escape unequal processes such as this spatial spread are a part of it. Perhaps a better approach towards examining the process would be to understand the global structure of inequalities in which LDCs are embedded into, whether structural registration is actually required? Whether receipt of loans from world Bank is worth succumbing to debt cycle ? if there is a need for setting up of large scale industries ta such massive rate? These questions do not have easy answers but still need to be probed as technical fixes are necessary but not sufficient.

Fearful of Paying too Much when You Purchase a Web Site? :: website websites

Fearful of paid too Much when You Purchase a Web Site?Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comI begin a lot of email from potential website emptors. Recently I received a note from a purchaser who was very excited about a particular website but he was very fearful of over stipendiary. The website was a perfect fit for the buyers interest and experience. The website was in the same mart that the buyer had worked in for the past 9 years. The web site had keen traffic and the buyer could see potential to grow it. However, the buyer was still fearful of paying too much. The bottom line was that the buyer believed the seller was demanding about 15% more than the website was worth. This had caused the negotiations to reach a stalemate.The solution to this problem was very clear to me. The buyer himself had provided me with a very compelling reason why this website was an dainty fit for him. He would have the opportunity to grow an existing website in which his experience would go away him to hit the ground running.One way to approach this caseful of decision is to consider your best available alternative. If you dont buy this website, what is your best alternative? Is it a website with easily less traffic? Is it a website in a market where you have less experience and so may be blind to potential pitfalls? Is it school term on your money while this website is purchased by another buyer? Your best alternative may be quite less attractive than paying 15% more for the website.Perhaps this buyer had calculated the acquisition worth as a multiple of sales, as is the norm. These calculations are merely guidelines not straightjackets. These calculations must be adjusted to fit the reality of the buyer. If the buyer were to acquire a cheaper website with less traffic then how long would it take him to build traffic to the level of the topnotch website? The buyer could invest a lot of time move email to other website requesting link exchanges to increase the visibility of the websites. But what is the value of the buyers time? Perhaps $50 an hour, or $60? The buyer should divide the amount that he would need to overpay by $50 -- his hourly ordinate to determine the equivalent number of work hours. Perhaps the buyer will quickly justify paying the larger amount when he realizes the actual hail of his time if he purchased a lower quality website.Fearful of Paying too Much when You Purchase a Web Site? website websitesFearful of Paying too Much when You Purchase a Web Site?Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comI receive a lot of email from potential website buyers. Recently I received a note from a buyer who was very excited about a particular website but he was very fearful of overpaying. The website was a perfect fit for the buyers interest and experience. The website was in the same market that the buyer had worked in for the past 9 years. The web site had great traffic and the buyer could see potential to grow it. However, th e buyer was still fearful of paying too much. The bottom line was that the buyer believed the seller was demanding about 15% more than the website was worth. This had caused the negotiations to reach a stalemate.The solution to this problem was very clear to me. The buyer himself had provided me with a very compelling reason why this website was an excellent fit for him. He would have the opportunity to grow an existing website in which his experience would allow him to hit the ground running.One way to approach this type of decision is to consider your best available alternative. If you dont buy this website, what is your best alternative? Is it a website with considerably less traffic? Is it a website in a market where you have less experience and so may be blind to potential pitfalls? Is it sitting on your money while this website is purchased by another buyer? Your best alternative may be quite less attractive than paying 15% more for the website.Perhaps this buyer had calculat ed the acquisition price as a multiple of sales, as is the norm. These calculations are merely guidelines not straightjackets. These calculations must be adjusted to fit the reality of the buyer. If the buyer were to acquire a cheaper website with less traffic then how long would it take him to build traffic to the level of the superior website? The buyer could invest a lot of time sending email to other website requesting link exchanges to increase the visibility of the websites. But what is the value of the buyers time? Perhaps $50 an hour, or $60? The buyer should divide the amount that he would need to overpay by $50 -- his hourly rate to determine the equivalent number of work hours. Perhaps the buyer will quickly justify paying the larger amount when he realizes the actual cost of his time if he purchased a lower quality website.

Communication and Culture: The Benefits of Beginning Foreign Language Study Early :: Research Papers

Communication and Culture The Benefits of Beginning Foreign Language Study Early As global awareness increases, American interest in thestudy of languages other than English increases apace. Unlike earlyprograms which did not teach languagesprimarily to learn oral/auralcommunication, but to learn for the sake of universe scholarly or, in someinstances, for gaining a reading proficiency in the foreign language(Brown 18), the twentieth century began to focus on communicativegoals, and a variety of new theories and methods for teaching wereput forth. A common goal has emerged, and modern programs pushstudents towards fluency. Therefore, more research is being conductedinto the best potential slipway to create competent communicators. TheLongman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics definescommunicative competence as the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language in order to form grammatically correctsentences but also to know when and where to u se these sentences andto whom (Richards, Platt, and Platt 65). As scholars search for thebest ship canal to achieve communicative competence, they emphasize theimportance of beginning language study early.The faultfinding period hypothesis first put forth by Lennebergin the late 1960s holds that there is a limited developmental periodduring which it is possible to acquire a languageto normal, nativelikelevels (Birdsong, 1). At the most generous estimate, this critical periodis thought to extend from the age of 2 only until puberty, and someestimates posit a much narrower window (for more information on thepossible causes of the critical period, see Birdsong, 7-9). According toKrashen, Long, and Scarcella, although adults and older children ingeneral initially acquire the plunk for language faster than young children(oldest-is-better for rate of acquisition), child second languageacquirers will usually be superior in terms of ultimate attainment(younger-is-better in the long run) ( 574). This eventual attainmentincludes superior pronunciation skills (Fledge 101) when compared with prentices who began their study later in life.Although starting age determines the levels ofcommunicative accuracy achieved, particularly in pronunciation (Ellisqtd. in Nunan 41), beginning young has an additional advantage. Theyoung learner has many years of schooling left in which to explore thisnew language, and the number of years exposure contributes greatly tothe overall communicative fluency of the learners (Ellis qtd. in Nunan41). Although the pace of the young learner may be slower than thatof the older learner, when language learning begins earlier, it can goon longer and provide more practice and experience, leading ultimatelyto greater fluency and effectiveness (Curtain and Pesola, Languages andChildren 3) than is generally achieved when study begins after puberty.